Culturally Responsive Teaching (CRT) stands as a beacon of equity and inclusivity within the realm of education, advocating for instructional practices that honor and affirm students' diverse cultural backgrounds, experiences, and perspectives. It bridges the cultural divide between educators and students, recognizing that cultural identities significantly shape learning experiences and outcomes. The aim of this review is to thoroughly analyze CRT, delving into its diverse models, strategies, and practical implications. CRT emphasizes cultural competence among educators, the integration of culturally relevant content into the curriculum, and fostering positive teacher-student relationships. Models developed by scholars such as James A. Banks, Geneva Gay, and Gloria Ladson-Billings provide practical frameworks for CRT implementation, promoting culturally inclusive teaching methods and nurturing positive intercultural interactions. Implementing CRT involves creating inclusive curriculum, cultivating cultural competence among educators, and fostering positive teacher-student relationships. However, challenges such as implicit bias, structural barriers, and language diversity must be addressed to create supportive learning environments. Moving forward, enhancing teacher education programs, providing ongoing professional development, and advocating for policies that support equity and inclusion are essential steps to advance culturally responsive practices in education. Collaborative efforts among educators, researchers, policymakers, and community stakeholders are vital for promoting equity, fostering collaboration, and improving outcomes for all students in culturally diverse educational settings.
Semião, D.; Mogarro, M.J.; Pinto, F.B.; Martins, M.J.D.; Santos, N.; Sousa, O.; Marchão, A.; Freire, I.P.; Lord, L.; Tinoca, L. (2023). Teachers’ Perspectives on Students’ Cultural Diversity: A Systematic Literature Review. Education Sciences, 13, 1215. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13121215.
Fernandez, F.; Mason, S.; Sharp, S.; Chavira, G.; Khachikian, C.S.; Kwan, P.; Saetermoe, C. A (2024). Mixed-Methods Study of How a Critical Race Theory-Informed Undergraduate Research Experience Program Provides Equitable Support for Aspiring Graduate Students. Education Sciences, 14, 334. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14030334.
Norman, Z. (2019). Understanding the Influence of Culturally Responsive Pedagogy on Students' Servant Leadership. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/110.2139/ssrn.3420494.
Berlian, Z.; Huda, M. (2022). Reflecting Culturally Responsive and Communicative Teaching (CRCT) through Partnership Commitment. Education Sciences, 12, 295. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12050295.
Blackmon-Balogun, A.M. (2023). Transformative Equity Education: Using CRT Framework for Meaningful, Liberatory, and Practical Solutions. In Contextualizing Critical Race Theory on Inclusive Education From a Scholar-Practitioner Perspective (International Perspectives on Inclusive Education, Vol. 22, Lalas, J.W., Strikwerda, H.L., Eds.; Emerald Publishing Limited: Leeds, UK, pp. 33‒53. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-363620230000022003.
Anyichie, A.C.; Butler, D.L. (2023) Examining culturally diverse learners’ motivation and engagement processes as situated in the context of a complex task. Frontier in Education, 8, 1041946. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1041946.
Cheng, M.-M.; Lacaste, A.V.; Saranza, C.; Chuang, H.-H. (2021). Culturally Responsive Teaching in Technology-Supported Learning Environments in Marine Education for Sustainable Development. Sustainability, 13, 13922. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413922.
Whitman, K.L.; Jayakumar, U.M. (2023). Structural Competency: A Framework for Racial Justice Intervention in Student Affairs Preparation and Practice. Education Sciences, 13, 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13010075.
Lee, A.J.; Harrell, M.; Villarreal, M.; White, D. (2023). The Value of Teaching Critical Race Theory in Prison Spaces: Centering Students’ Voices in Pedagogy. Humanities, 9, 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/h9020041.
Foster, M.; Mark, S.L.; Baize, J. (2024). Introduction Special Issue: Educational Equity: Cultural and Ethnic Diversity in Schools. Education Sciences, 14, 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14010038.
Briscoe, K.L.; Jones, V.A. (2024). “The House Is on Fire”: A Critical Analysis of Anti-CRT Bans and Faculty Experiences. Education Sciences, 14, 360. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14040360s.
Bassey, M.O. (2016). Culturally Responsive Teaching: Implications for Educational Justice. Education Sciences, 6, 35. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci6040035.
Nieto, S.; Bode, P.; Kang, E.; Raible, J.; Banks, C.A.M.; Villenas, S. (2008). Identity, community, and diversity: Retheorizing multicultural curriculum for the postmodern era. In The SAGE Handbook of Curriculum and Instruction, Michael Connelly, F., He, M.F., Phillion, J., Eds.; Sage Pub: New York, USA. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412976572.n9.
Hutchison, L.; McAlister-Shields, L. (2020). Culturally Responsive Teaching: Its Application in Higher Education Environments. Education Sciences, 10, 124. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10050124.
Banks, J.A. (2006). Race, Culture, and Education: The Selected Works of James A. Banks, (1st ed; Routledge: London, UK. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203088586 .
Karacsony, P.; Pásztóová, V.; Vinichenko, M.; Huszka, P. (2022). The Impact of the Multicultural Education on Students’ Attitudes in Business Higher Education Institutions. Education Sciences, 12, 173. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12030173.
Gay, G. (2002). Preparing for Culturally Responsive Teaching. Journal of Teacher Education, 53, 106-116. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487102053002003.
Ladson-Billings, G. (1995). Toward a Theory of Culturally Relevant Pedagogy. American Educational Research Journal, 32, 465-491. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312032003465.
Villegas, A.M.; Lucas, T. (2002). Preparing Culturally Responsive Teachers: Rethinking the Curriculum. Journal of Teacher Education, 53, 20-32. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487102053001003.
Chander, N.; Siow, M.L.; Ramachandran, S.; Kunasekaran, P.; Rathakrishnan, T. (2020). Conceptualizing Inclusive Learning and Development: A Framework towards Entrepreneurial Competency Practices for Sustainability. Sustainability, 12, 6905. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12176905.
Sankalaite, S.; Huizinga, M.; Pollé, S.; Xu, C.; De Vries, N.; Hens, E.; Baeyens, D. (2023). A Qualitative Study into Teacher–Student Interaction Strategies Employed to Support Primary School Children’s Working Memory. Education Sciences, 13, 1149. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13111149.
Zitha, I.; Mokganya, G.; Sinthumule, O. (2023). Innovative Strategies for Fostering Student Engagement and Collaborative Learning among Extended Curriculum Programme Students. Education Sciences, 13, 1196. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13121196.
Biasutti, M.; Concina, E.; Frate, S.; Delen, I. (2021). Teacher Professional Development: Experiences in an International Project on Intercultural Education. Sustainability, 13, 4171. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084171.
Anjorin, O.; Bakeroot, V.L.; Zanting, A.; Krumeich, A.; Busari, J.O. (2023). Exploring the Effect of Discrimination on Ethnic Minority Medical Students’ Mental Well-Being in the Netherlands. Trends in Higher Education, 2, 570-584. https://doi.org/10.3390/higheredu2040034.
Montasem, A.; Gjuladin-Hellon, T.; Awan, H.; Aine, B.; Whyte, J.; Alqadah, N.; Ibeachu, C. (2023). Racism, Discrimination, and Harassment in Medical Schools in the UK: A Scoping Review. Genealogy, 7, 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy7020032.
Narot, P.; Kiettikunwong, N. (2024). Value Co-Creation: A Strategy for Enhancing Inclusiveness in Special Education. Education Sciences, 14, 208. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14020208.
SUBMITTED: 02 April 2024
ACCEPTED: 01 June 2024
PUBLISHED:
6 June 2024
SUBMITTED to ACCEPTED: 61 days
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53623/apga.v3i2.432