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Assessing the Impact of Pharmaceutical Contamination in Malaysian Groundwater: Risks, Modelling, and Remediation Strategies

Author(s): Michael Lie 1 , Rubiyatno 2 , Faisal Saud Binhudayb 3 , Nguyen Thi Thanh Thao 4 , Risky Ayu Kristanti 5
Author(s) information:
1 Envirotech Engineering, Kuala Lumpur, 59200 Malaysia
2 Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
3 Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
4 Institute of Environmental Science, Engineering and Management, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
5 Research Center for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Pasir Putih I, Ancol, Jakarta, 14430 Indonesia

Corresponding author

Pharmaceuticals in Malaysia’s groundwater are a growing concern as they can potentially affect the environment and human health negatively. Pharmaceuticals are found in abundance in groundwater from sources such as septic tanks, leachates from landfills, wastewater effluents from pharmaceutical-related industries, medical institutions, wastewater treatment plants, and households, agriculture runoff and leakage of effluent wastes in Malaysia. Pharmaceutical contaminant usually travels through advection and dispersion from waterways or soil into the groundwater. The mathematical model of the advection-dispersion equation and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are analysed for the prediction of movement and concentration of pharmaceuticals.  Furthermore, the evolution of pharmaceuticals in the environment, living organisms and human health is assessed. Pharmaceuticals have found their way into the food chain and exhibit toxicity and hazard to aquatic ecosystems. However, the toxicity of pharmaceuticals to humans is still not yet much to be researched although strong evidence of possible negative consequences. Moreover, remediation technologies such as activated carbon adsorption, activated sludge, anaerobic treatment and advanced oxidation process are discussed for the mitigation of pharmaceuticals contamination.

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About this article

SUBMITTED: 20 April 2024
ACCEPTED: 03 June 2024
PUBLISHED: 7 June 2024
SUBMITTED to ACCEPTED: 45 days
DOI: https://doi.org/10.53623/tasp.v4i1.437

Cite this article
Lie, M. ., Rubiyatno, Binhudayb, F. S. ., Thao, N. T. T. ., & Kristanti, R. A. (2024). Assessing the Impact of Pharmaceutical Contamination in Malaysian Groundwater: Risks, Modelling, and Remediation Strategies. Tropical Aquatic and Soil Pollution, 4(1), 43–59. https://doi.org/10.53623/tasp.v4i1.437
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