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Review | Sustainable Environmental Insight | Volume 1 - Issue 1 - 2024 | 22-31 | https://doi.org/10.53623/sein.v1i1.389
© 2024 by the author(s), and is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License

Remediation of Contaminated Soil by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Using Composting

Author(s): Apollonia Huei Jhe Lim , Muhammad Noor Hazwan Jusoh
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Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia.

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Sustainable Environmental Insight

Volume 1 - Issue 1 - 2024

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were one of the most concerning organic and toxic pollutants in the world. Since the 20th century, there had been no improvement in resolving or reducing the discharged or released amount of PAHs into the soil or environment. Detecting PAHs (PAHs) involved collecting environmental or biological samples, extracting PAHs using specialized techniques, and analyzing them with advanced methods like gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This process was crucial for assessing contamination levels, understanding health risks, and guiding environmental safety measures. There was no full replacement with existing technology and materials that would not release the PAHs. Now, the PAHs pollutant has caused many cases related to the impact of PAHs on the environment and human health, prompting immediate action for resolution. The remediation to remove the PAHs from the contaminated soil was conducted using the composting method. The few kinds of composting methods were vermicomposting, which used earthworms to decompose PAHs in the contaminated soil, in-vessel composting that ran the aerobic process under a close air space tank, and aerated pile that implemented the aerobic process in an open air space. The bulking agent of in-vessel composting and aerated composting was the same. Actually, these three composting methods were under bioremediation to remove PAHs from contaminated soil. There were a few challenges that would be faced by the government, the people, and the research in the future. Some recommendations have been provided to face these future challenges.

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SUBMITTED: 22 December 2023
ACCEPTED: 28 February 2024
PUBLISHED: 4 March 2024
SUBMITTED to ACCEPTED: 69 days
DOI: https://doi.org/10.53623/sein.v1i1.389

Cite this article
Lim, A. H. J. ., & Jusoh, M. N. H. . (2024). Remediation of Contaminated Soil by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Using Composting. Sustainable Environmental Insight, 1(1), 22–31. https://doi.org/10.53623/sein.v1i1.389
Keywords
Composting PAHs worldwide innovation bioremediation aerobic
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2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: ZGVsIHBlcmZvcm1hbmNlLiBGdXJ0aGVyIGFuYWx5c2lzIHJldmVhbGVkIHRoYXQgZ2x1Y29zZSBs
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: ZXZlbHMgaGFkIHRoZQ0KZ3JlYXRlc3QgaW5mbHVlbmNlIG9uIGRpYWJldGVzICgxOC45NCUpLCBm
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: b2xsb3dlZCBieSBhZ2UgKDE1LjMxJSkgYW5kIG51bWJlcg0Kb2YgcHJlZ25hbmNpZXMgKDE0LjEz
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: JSkuDQoNCg0KRmlsYmVydCBILiBKdXdvbm8NClhpJ2FuIEppYW90b25nLUxpdmVycG9vbCBVbml2
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: ZXJzaXR5DQpmaWxiZXJ0QGllZWUub3JnDQpfX19fX19fX19fX19fX19fX19fX19fX19fX19fX19f
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: X19fX19fX19fX19fX19fX19fXw0KR3JlZW4gSW50ZWxsaWdlbnQgU3lzdGVtcyBhbmQgQXBwbGlj
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: YXRpb25zDQoNCl9fX19fX19fX19fX19fX19fX19fX19fX19fX19fX19fX19fX19fX19fX19fX19f
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: X19fDQoNCiNJRF9HSVNBIw0KDQpUbyBlbnN1cmUgdGhpcyBlbWFpbCByZWFjaGVzIHRoZSBpbnRl
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: bmRlZCByZWNpcGllbnQsIHBsZWFzZSBkbyBub3QgZGVsZXRlDQp0aGUgYWJvdmUgY29kZQ0KDQpf
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2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: b21wbGlhbmNlIHdpdGggZGF0YSBwcm90ZWN0aW9uIHJlZ3VsYXRpb25zLCB5b3UgbWF5IHJlcXVl
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: c3QgdGhhdCB3ZQ0KcmVtb3ZlIHlvdXIgcGVyc29uYWwgcmVnaXN0cmF0aW9uIGRldGFpbHMgYXQg
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: YW55IHRpbWUuIMKgKFVzZSB0aGUgZm9sbG93aW5nDQpVUkw6IGh0dHBzOi8vdGVjbm9zY2llbnRp
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: ZmljYS5jb20vY29udGFjdCkuIFBsZWFzZSBjb250YWN0IHRoZSBwdWJsaWNhdGlvbg0Kb2ZmaWNl
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: IGlmIHlvdSBoYXZlIGFueSBxdWVzdGlvbnMuDQo=
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER:
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: --b1_Y2kIOGT5YUeAupkmyldD8DNElcVxHQjENOglO2ss
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
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2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER:
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2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: IHJlcXVlc3QgZm9yIHlvdXIgcmV2aWV3IG9mIHRoZSBzdWJtaXNzaW9uLCAmcXVvdDtJbXBsZW1l
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2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: b2YgUG90ZW50aWFsIERpYWJldGVzIE1lbGxpdHVzIERpc2Vhc2UsJnF1b3Q7IGZvciBHcmVlbiBJ
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2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: dmUgeW91ciByZXNwb25zZSBieSAxMy0wMy0yMDI1LCBhbmQgdGhpcyBlbWFpbCBoYXMgYmVlbiBh
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: dXRvbWF0aWNhbGx5IGdlbmVyYXRlZCBhbmQgc2VudCB3aXRoIHRoZSBwYXNzaW5nIG9mIHRoYXQg
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: ZGF0ZS4KPGJyIC8+CkkgYmVsaWV2ZSB0aGF0IHlvdSB3b3VsZCBzZXJ2ZSBhcyBhbiBleGNlbGxl
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: bnQgcmV2aWV3ZXIgb2YgdGhlIG1hbnVzY3JpcHQuIFRoZSBzdWJtaXNzaW9uJ3MgYWJzdHJhY3Qg
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: aXMgaW5zZXJ0ZWQgYmVsb3csIGFuZCBJIGhvcGUgdGhhdCB5b3Ugd2lsbCBjb25zaWRlciB1bmRl
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: cnRha2luZyB0aGlzIGltcG9ydGFudCB0YXNrIGZvciB1cy48YnIgLz4KPGJyIC8+ClBsZWFzZSBs
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: b2cgaW50byB0aGUgam91cm5hbCB3ZWIgc2l0ZSB0byBpbmRpY2F0ZSB3aGV0aGVyIHlvdSB3aWxs
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: IHVuZGVydGFrZSB0aGUgcmV2aWV3IG9yIG5vdCwgYXMgd2VsbCBhcyB0byBhY2Nlc3MgdGhlIHN1
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: Ym1pc3Npb24gYW5kIHRvIHJlY29yZCB5b3VyIHJldmlldyBhbmQgcmVjb21tZW5kYXRpb24uPGJy
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: IC8+CjxiciAvPgpUaGUgcmV2aWV3IGl0c2VsZiBpcyBkdWUgMjctMDMtMjAyNS48YnIgLz4KPGJy
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: IC8+ClN1Ym1pc3Npb24gVVJMOiA8YSBocmVmPSdodHRwczovL3RlY25vc2NpZW50aWZpY2EuY29t
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: L2pvdXJuYWwvZ2lzYS9yZXZpZXdlci9zdWJtaXNzaW9uP3N1Ym1pc3Npb25JZD02MTImcmV2aWV3
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: SWQ9MzM1OSZrZXk9clo1dWhjJyBjbGFzcz0nc3VibWlzc2lvblJldmlld1VybC1zdHlsZS1jbGFz
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: cyc+aHR0cHM6Ly90ZWNub3NjaWVudGlmaWNhLmNvbS9qb3VybmFsL2dpc2EvcmV2aWV3ZXIvc3Vi
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: bWlzc2lvbj9zdWJtaXNzaW9uSWQ9NjEyJnJldmlld0lkPTMzNTkma2V5PXJaNXVoYzwvYT48YnIg
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: Lz4KPGJyIC8+ClRoYW5rIHlvdSBmb3IgY29uc2lkZXJpbmcgdGhpcyByZXF1ZXN0LjxiciAvPgo8
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: YnIgLz4KRWRpdG9yaWFsIE9mZmljZSAtICBHcmVlbiBJbnRlbGxpZ2VudCBTeXN0ZW1zIGFuZCBB
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: cHBsaWNhdGlvbnMKR3JlZW4gSW50ZWxsaWdlbnQgU3lzdGVtcyBhbmQgQXBwbGljYXRpb25zPGJy
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: IC8+CjxiciAvPgomcXVvdDtJbXBsZW1lbnRhdGlvbiBvZiBLLU5lYXJlc3QgTmVpZ2hib3IgaW4g
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: TW9kZWxpbmcgQ2xhc3NpZmljYXRpb24gb2YgUG90ZW50aWFsIERpYWJldGVzIE1lbGxpdHVzIERp
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: c2Vhc2UmcXVvdDs8YnIgLz4KPGJyIC8+CjxwPkRpYWJldGVzIE1lbGxpdHVzIChETSkgaXMgYSBu
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2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: aXRzIGltcGFjdC4gVGhpcyBzdHVkeSB1c2VzIHRoZSBLLU5lYXJlc3QgTmVpZ2hib3IgKEtOTikg
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2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: IHJhdGUgb2YgODYuMyUsIHdpdGggYSBwcmVjaXNpb24gb2YgODYuNSUgYW5kIGEgcmVjYWxsIG9m
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: IDc3LjElLCBpbmRpY2F0aW5nIGdvb2QgbW9kZWwgcGVyZm9ybWFuY2UuIEZ1cnRoZXIgYW5hbHlz
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2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: ZXIgb2YgcHJlZ25hbmNpZXMgKDE0LjEzJSkuPC9wPjxici8+PHA+RmlsYmVydCBILiBKdXdvbm88
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2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: Zzxicj48c3BhbiBjbGFzcz0iczEiPl9fX19fX19fX19fX19fX19fX19fX19fX19fX19fX19fX19f
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2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: c3M9InAxIj48c3BhbiBjbGFzcz0iczEiPiNJRF9HSVNBIzwvc3Bhbj48L3A+CjxwIGNsYXNzPSJw
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: MSI+PHNwYW4gY2xhc3M9InMxIj5UbyBlbnN1cmUgdGhpcyBlbWFpbCByZWFjaGVzIHRoZSBpbnRl
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: bmRlZCByZWNpcGllbnQsIHBsZWFzZSBkbyBub3QgZGVsZXRlIHRoZSBhYm92ZSBjb2RlPC9zcGFu
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: PjwvcD4KPHAgY2xhc3M9InAxIj48c3BhbiBjbGFzcz0iczEiPl9fX19fX19fX19fX19fX19fX19f
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: X19fX19fX19fX19fX19fX19fX19fX19fX19fX19fPC9zcGFuPjwvcD4KPHAgY2xhc3M9InAxIj48
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: c3BhbiBjbGFzcz0iczEiPkluIGNvbXBsaWFuY2Ugd2l0aCBkYXRhIHByb3RlY3Rpb24gcmVndWxh
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: dGlvbnMsIHlvdSBtYXkgcmVxdWVzdCB0aGF0IHdlIHJlbW92ZSB5b3VyIHBlcnNvbmFsIHJlZ2lz
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: dHJhdGlvbiBkZXRhaWxzIGF0IGFueSB0aW1lLiAmbmJzcDsoVXNlIHRoZSBmb2xsb3dpbmcgVVJM
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: OiBodHRwczovL3RlY25vc2NpZW50aWZpY2EuY29tL2NvbnRhY3QpLiBQbGVhc2UgY29udGFjdCB0
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: aGUgcHVibGljYXRpb24gb2ZmaWNlIGlmIHlvdSBoYXZlIGFueSBxdWVzdGlvbnMuPC9zcGFuPjwv
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: cD4=
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER:
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER:
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: --b1_Y2kIOGT5YUeAupkmyldD8DNElcVxHQjENOglO2ss--
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER:
2025-03-14 13:10:14 CLIENT -> SERVER: .
2025-03-14 13:10:16 SERVER -> CLIENT: 250 2.0.0 OK: queued
2025-03-14 13:10:16 CLIENT -> SERVER: QUIT
2025-03-14 13:10:16 SERVER -> CLIENT: 221 2.0.0 Goodnight and good luck
2025-03-14 13:10:16 Connection: closed