2026-04-12T11:48:36Z https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/oai

oai:oai.tecnoscientifica.com:article/308 2025-10-07T00:23:01Z sein:ART

Heavy Metal-Related Health Risk Assessment of Cultivated Plants Around a Cement Factory in Sokoto North Western, Nigeria Yahaya, Tajudeen Aishah, Ahmed John, Emmanuel Adetunji, Abdul-Kabir Saadu, Abubakar Usman, Benjamin Shuaib, Muhammed Cement factory Estimated daily intakes (EDI) Heavy metals Lead Pollution The pollution of the environment by cement manufacturing companies is becoming a global concern, particularly in developing nations. This study assessed the levels of heavy metals and their associated health risks in sugarcanes (Saccharum officinarum), tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum), and almonds (Prunus dulcis) cultivated in the vicinity of a cement factory in Sokoto, Nigeria. Samples of these plants were collected, treated, and then assayed for lead (Pb), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn) using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The values obtained were compared against the permissible limits established by the World Health Organization (WHO), and these results were used to estimate the potential health risks associated with consuming these plants. The findings revealed that both the Solanum lycopersicum and Saccharum officinarum contained non-tolerable levels of Cu, Cd, Pb, and Zn, while Prunus dulcis had non-tolerable levels of Zn only. Additionally, the concentrations of individual heavy metals in each of the three plant species showed a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) from the respective WHO standards. The estimated daily intake (EDI) and target hazard quotient (THQ) for all the heavy metals were within the recommended limits, except for the EDI of Pb in Saccharum officinarum and the THQ of Pb in Solanum lycopersicum. The health risk index (HRI) for all the heavy metals in the three plants exceeded the tolerable limit (> 1). These findings indicate that daily consumption of these plants may pose health hazards. Therefore, the practice of cultivating plants in the vicinity of cement factories should be discouraged. Tecno Scientifica Publishing 2024-03-04 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/308 10.53623/sein.v1i1.308 Sustainable Environmental Insight; Volume 1 - Issue 1 - 2024; 1-10 3036-0285 10.53623/sein.v1i1 eng https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/308/200 Copyright (c) 2024 Tajudeen Yahaya, Ahmed Aishah, Emmanuel John, Abdul-Kabir Adetunji, Abubakar Saadu, Benjamin Usman, Muhammed Shuaib https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:oai.tecnoscientifica.com:article/379 2025-10-07T00:23:01Z sein:REV

Strategies for Organochlorine/Organobromine Removal from Aqueous Environment Using Nanotechnology: A Review Tan, Chun Hern Hua, Ang Kean Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) pesticdes adsorption hydroxyl radicals Organohalogens have been discovered since the 1930s and have been used for many applications ever since. The rapid development of industrial activities and reliance on organochlorine/organobromine compounds have further increased their production, ultimately leading to their leakage into our natural environment, where they circulate indefinitely. Exposure to these persistent organic pollutants (POPs) not only results in detrimental effects on human health, such as various cancers, nervous system damage, and liver damage, in addition to fetal and infant growth defects, but also affects fauna, such as bird populations, by depriving them of the ability to reproduce successfully, and farm livestock. The direct consumption of the latter or its derivatives will also lead to the bioaccumulation of POPs in the human body. The POP treatment methods discussed in this review include granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption, magnetic nanospheres coated with polystyrene, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), UV, as well as O3 ozonation. The mechanisms, along with the advantages and drawbacks of these methods, were thoroughly discussed. Finally, challenges faced in reducing organochlorine/organobromine pollution were discussed, such as the lack of updates on water quality standards and the list of dangerous pollutants, and the failure to control illegal disposal issues. Tecno Scientifica Publishing 2024-03-04 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/379 10.53623/sein.v1i1.379 Sustainable Environmental Insight; Volume 1 - Issue 1 - 2024; 11-21 3036-0285 10.53623/sein.v1i1 eng https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/379/201 Copyright (c) 2024 Chun Hern Tan, Ang Kean Hua https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:oai.tecnoscientifica.com:article/389 2025-10-07T00:23:01Z sein:REV

Remediation of Contaminated Soil by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Using Composting Lim, Apollonia Huei Jhe Jusoh, Muhammad Noor Hazwan Composting PAHs worldwide innovation bioremediation aerobic Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were one of the most concerning organic and toxic pollutants in the world. Since the 20th century, there had been no improvement in resolving or reducing the discharged or released amount of PAHs into the soil or environment. Detecting PAHs (PAHs) involved collecting environmental or biological samples, extracting PAHs using specialized techniques, and analyzing them with advanced methods like gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This process was crucial for assessing contamination levels, understanding health risks, and guiding environmental safety measures. There was no full replacement with existing technology and materials that would not release the PAHs. Now, the PAHs pollutant has caused many cases related to the impact of PAHs on the environment and human health, prompting immediate action for resolution. The remediation to remove the PAHs from the contaminated soil was conducted using the composting method. The few kinds of composting methods were vermicomposting, which used earthworms to decompose PAHs in the contaminated soil, in-vessel composting that ran the aerobic process under a close air space tank, and aerated pile that implemented the aerobic process in an open air space. The bulking agent of in-vessel composting and aerated composting was the same. Actually, these three composting methods were under bioremediation to remove PAHs from contaminated soil. There were a few challenges that would be faced by the government, the people, and the research in the future. Some recommendations have been provided to face these future challenges. Tecno Scientifica Publishing 2024-03-04 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/389 10.53623/sein.v1i1.389 Sustainable Environmental Insight; Volume 1 - Issue 1 - 2024; 22-31 3036-0285 10.53623/sein.v1i1 eng https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/389/202 Copyright (c) 2024 Apollonia Huei Jhe Lim, Muhammad Noor Hazwan Jusoh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:oai.tecnoscientifica.com:article/394 2025-10-07T00:23:01Z sein:REV

Review on Organochlorine Pollution in Malaysia Ngu, Wei Jie Hua, Ang Kean Zakaria, Zulayti Jusoh, Muhammad Noor Hazwan Organochlorine pollution; Human health impact; Environmental impact; Pest control in Malaysia Organochlorine is a type of persistent organic pollutants which can last long in environment due to the resistance towards the microbial degradation. Previously, the organochlorine pesticides are widely used to reduce the pests in the farm so, the crop yield could be increased, and the losses can be decreased. The organochlorine pesticides previously are used without having a proper study on the effect of organochlorine to the environment. Although the use of organochlorine pesticides has been banned, the residues of organochlorine from previous usage, still exist in the environment, causing negative impacts to the environment and human health. The distribution of the organochlorine pollution in Malaysia is required to be studied more to ensure that the organochlorine concentration will not be increasing according to time. Due to the ban of organochlorine pesticides, other pests control methods such as organophosphate pesticides, and integrated pest management are being used by the farmers. However, there are challenges raised such as financial problem of the farmers to afford the new chemicals or methods and the negative effect from the use of new chemicals, and these challenges should be solved to improve the pest control in Malaysia. Impacts of organochlorines on human health and environment are discussed in this review to show the hazard of organochlorines. Tecno Scientifica Publishing 2024-03-04 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/394 10.53623/sein.v1i1.394 Sustainable Environmental Insight; Volume 1 - Issue 1 - 2024; 32-44 3036-0285 10.53623/sein.v1i1 eng https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/394/203 Copyright (c) 2024 Wei Jie Ngu , Ang Kean Hua, Zulayti Zakaria, Muhammad Noor Hazwan Jusoh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:oai.tecnoscientifica.com:article/409 2025-10-07T00:23:01Z sein:REV

Enhancing Soil Health: Nanotechnologies for Effective Remediation and Sustainable Development Kho , Brendan Lik Sen Hua, Ang Kean Ahmad, Mohd Fadzil Ali Contamination Soil Remediation Nanotechnologies Sustainable The growing population has led to the increase in contamination to the soil, affecting the soil environment which indirectly affects importance of human health. Soil remediation is important to remove and reduce the level of contamination in the soil medium. If the contaminants present in the soil is not remediated, the possibilities of it to spread will increase due to the presence of water flow inside the soil medium, further contaminating soils that are previously clean. Hence, several nanotechnologies and nanomaterials were discovered by researchers, allowing the remediation of soil that are contaminated by different pollutants to be effectively carried out. The nanotechnologies and nanomaterials discussed in this paper involves physical, chemical and biological type of remediation. It is being known that nanoscale remediation can have higher effectiveness compared to microscale remediation. Most of the discussed nanotechnologies requires longer period of time but the effectiveness in the removal or reduction of contaminants are very high. Remediation of contaminated soils allow more land to be available for human development and exploitation. Humans are urged to reduce the chances of contamination activities or accident as contamination to the soil can adversely affect the local environment and the human health.   Tecno Scientifica Publishing 2024-03-04 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/409 10.53623/sein.v1i1.409 Sustainable Environmental Insight; Volume 1 - Issue 1 - 2024; 45-57 3036-0285 10.53623/sein.v1i1 eng https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/409/204 Copyright (c) 2024 Brendan Lik Sen Kho , Ang Kean Hua, Mohd Fadzil Ali Ahmad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:oai.tecnoscientifica.com:article/425 2025-10-07T00:31:36Z sein:ART

Preliminary Investigation of Wastewater Phycoremediation and Biomass Productivity using Locally Isolated Green Microalgae from Ipoh, Malaysia Muniandy, Pravin Yong, Leong Kong Mohd Salleh, Siti Nor Aishah Muniandy, Mirshayinee Lee, Chi Hien Green Microalgae Wastewater Phycoremediation Nutrients Heavy Metals This study investigated the potential of microalgae, sourced from a pond in Gunung Lang, Ipoh, Malaysia, for the phycoremediation of domestic wastewater. Under laboratory conditions, identified and confirmed microalgae species were introduced to wastewater samples to assess their capacity for removing Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), nitrogen, phosphorus, and heavy metals such as chromium and zinc. The study also examined the relationship between algae growth rates and nutrient absorption, alongside a detailed analysis of wastewater to determine the extent of pollutant reduction. Initial analyses revealed that the COD levels of the domestic wastewater stood at 158 mg/l, failing to meet the Effluent Standard requirements as per the Malaysia Environmental Quality (Industrial Effluents) Regulations 2009. nitrogen levels were measured at 11.16 mg/l, phosphorus at 5.56 mg/l, chromium at 1.53 mg/l, and zinc at 0.53 mg/l under the heavy metal category. The study demonstrates that phycoremediation significantly reduces pollutants and nutrients in wastewater samples. Remarkably, zinc removal achieved a 100% success rate, while the lowest pollutant removal was observed for COD at the 104 cell concentration in 100% wastewater concentration samples. The outcomes highlighted the efficacy of using microalgae for wastewater treatment, showing considerable promise in reducing environmental pollutants. Tecno Scientifica Publishing 2024-08-08 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/425 10.53623/sein.v1i2.425 Sustainable Environmental Insight; Volume 1 - Issue 2 - 2024; 58‒69 3036-0285 10.53623/sein.v1i2 eng https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/425/226 Copyright (c) 2024 Pravin Muniandy, Leong Kong Yong, Siti Nor Aishah Mohd Salleh, Mirshayinee Muniandy, Chi Hien Lee https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:oai.tecnoscientifica.com:article/448 2025-10-07T00:31:36Z sein:ART

Navigating the Transition: Biodiesel Development and Challenges in Malaysia's Energy Landscape Chung, Jia Hui Jusoh, Muhammad Noor Hazwan Biodiesel; challenge of biodiesel; prospect of biodiesel Overdependence on fossil fuels impacts the environment, economy, and society. The crude oil price increases when the supply of fossil fuels is insufficient, leading to economic recessions. The development of biodiesel has replaced fossil fuels in the transportation sector and is pending use in the industrial sector. It has brought various advantages to the economy, society, and environment. However, the development of biodiesel is still facing some challenges, such as labor shortages, the price of feedstock, environmental debates, and the adoption of biodiesel for the transportation sector. The introduction of the National Biofuel Policy and the Biofuel Industry Act 2007 has encouraged the use and development of biodiesel. Biodiesel technologies such as Envo Diesel, B5 biodiesel, B7 biodiesel, and B10 biodiesel were developed based on research done by the Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB). Tecno Scientifica Publishing 2024-08-15 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/448 10.53623/sein.v1i2.448 Sustainable Environmental Insight; Volume 1 - Issue 2 - 2024; 70-80 3036-0285 10.53623/sein.v1i2 eng https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/448/234 Copyright (c) 2024 Jia Hui Chung, Muhammad Noor Hazwan Jusoh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:oai.tecnoscientifica.com:article/477 2025-10-07T00:31:36Z sein:REV

The Impact of River Landform Changes Caused by Geohazards on the Economic Development of Ecotourism in Sabah, Malaysia Zakaria, Zulayti Hua, Ang Kean sustainable growth, decision-making, ecotourism, river landform The impact of river landform changes caused by geohazards on the economic development of ecotourism in Sabah, Malaysia is a highly significant and crucial topic that necessitates extensive analysis, comprehension, and thorough understanding in order to comprehend the multifaceted consequences and ramifications. It is imperative to explore and scrutinize the intricate interplay between the alterations in river landforms induced by geohazards, such as natural disasters and environmental upheavals, and their profound influence on the economic growth and prosperity of the burgeoning ecotourism sector in Sabah, Malaysia. This comprehensive investigation holds immense value in unraveling the intricate dynamics and intricacies inherent in this intricate and complex relationship. By delving deep into the intricate mechanisms and multifarious aspects that underlie the interdependence of geohazards-induced river landform transformations and the economic development of ecotourism in Sabah, Malaysia, researchers and stakeholders alike can gain invaluable insights that can pave the way towards well-informed decision-making, sustainable growth, and effective management strategies. Consequently, the expansion of knowledge and understanding in this pivotal domain can potentially lead to the formulation and implementation of robust measures, policies, and initiatives that can mitigate the adverse effects of geohazards on river landforms, foster the resilience and adaptability of the ecotourism industry, and ultimately cultivate a harmonious balance between economic progress and environmental conservation in Sabah, Malaysia. Tecno Scientifica Publishing 2024-09-29 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/477 10.53623/sein.v1i2.477 Sustainable Environmental Insight; Volume 1 - Issue 2 - 2024; 81-95 3036-0285 10.53623/sein.v1i2 eng https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/477/240 Copyright (c) 2024 Zulayti Zakaria, Ang Kean Hua https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:oai.tecnoscientifica.com:article/478 2025-10-07T00:31:36Z sein:REV

Exploring the Cultural Tourism of Malaysia: A Comprehensive Review Zakaria, Zulayti Hua, Ang Kean NKEA, cultural tourism, Malaysian Tourism Blueprint, economic In line with the Malaysia Tourism Transformation Strategy in 2020, the government devoted enormous resources to nurture and cultivate the industry to achieve the Tourism of National Key Economic Area (NKEA). This initiative aims at re-invigorating tourism within Malaysia. The unparalleled essence of foreign tourists depends upon culture and the attributes the experience evokes. Generally, tourism choices are more influenced by the cultural part and values of undisguised cultural virtues, whether in the form of tangible or intangible distinctions. Cultural elements direct tourism guidebooks, postcards, pictures, television programs, commercials, posters, and itineraries, etc. Cultural tourism projects can be viewed as a medium to highlight group distinctions. They also serve as tools in teaching, growth, performing economic and tourism roles. The vision and attribute of heritage and culture will signify destinations in the future. The Malaysian Tourism Blueprint (2010-2020) considers cultural tourism as one of the key pivot areas of another NKEA. This article intends to delineate the existing literature pertinent to cultural tourism in Malaysia. The review of the literature attempts to provide an extensive record of the current conceptual insights within the area. Given the immense potential of the country as a culturally rich destination, there is still room for exploring experiences and insights to keep the zeal alive for cultural products of Malaysia. At the top of this, the policy frameworks are geared towards enhancing tourism. As a culturally rich country, Malaysia needs to attract tourist interests to explore and visit Malaysia's roots, its people, and the diverse community that makes Malaysia unique. The findings of this literature review are instrumental in setting the future studies agenda in order to address the existing dearth of the knowledge base. Tecno Scientifica Publishing 2024-09-29 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/478 10.53623/sein.v1i2.478 Sustainable Environmental Insight; Volume 1 - Issue 2 - 2024; 96-107 3036-0285 10.53623/sein.v1i2 eng https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/478/242 Copyright (c) 2024 Zulayti Zakaria, Ang Kean Hua https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:oai.tecnoscientifica.com:article/479 2025-10-07T00:31:36Z sein:ART

A Comparative Study Based on Observation Approach on Orangutans and Proboscis Monkeys in Sabah Zakaria, Zulayti Hua, Ang Kean behaviors, patterns, interactions, orangutans, proboscis monkey This comprehensive and extensive study meticulously observes and thoroughly analyzes the complex and intricate behaviors, patterns, and nuanced interactions of the magnificent and captivating orangutans and proboscis monkeys in the breathtaking and biodiverse region of Sabah. By meticulously examining and meticulously scrutinizing their fascinating interactions within their own species as well as amongst other species, this groundbreaking and enlightening research unravels a treasure trove of valuable insights and profound revelations in the captivating field of primatology. Moreover, this awe-inspiring study delves into the multifaceted realm of their physiological adaptations, evolutionary traits, and explores the profound and far-reaching potential impacts of human activities on their undeniably precious and delicate habitats. The meticulously collected and meticulously analyzed findings of this remarkable study undoubtedly contribute immensely to the vast expanse of knowledge in the field, fostering and bolstering crucial conservation efforts and inspiring profound and transformative action for the unwavering and resolute protection of these magnificent creatures. Through the employment of an ethical and principled research approach, as well as fostering a spirit of collaboration among interdisciplinary teams, this groundbreaking study unconditionally ensures both the enduring well-being of these awe-inspiring animals and the indomitable preservation of their invaluable habitats. Tecno Scientifica Publishing 2024-09-29 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/479 10.53623/sein.v1i2.479 Sustainable Environmental Insight; Volume 1 - Issue 2 - 2024; 108-120 3036-0285 10.53623/sein.v1i2 eng https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/479/243 Copyright (c) 2024 Zulayti Zakaria, Ang Kean Hua https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:oai.tecnoscientifica.com:article/636 2025-08-28T00:58:05Z sein:ART

Strength Evaluation of Palm Oil Fuel Ash and Rice Husk Ash as Partial Cement Replacement in Concrete for Sustainable Construction Abd Razak, Muhammad Hakim Mohd Apandi, Najeeha Mustafa, Mohd Syafiq Syazwan Abd Hamed, Noor Kamalia Azmi, Muhammad Rafi Partial cement replacement Palm oil fuel ash Rice Husk Ash Compressive strength The construction industry's dependence on Portland cement considerably increased global carbon emissions, which highlighted the need for environmentally friendly alternatives. This research explored the application of rice husk ash (RHA) and palm oil fuel ash (POFA), two common agricultural byproducts in Malaysia, as partial cement replacements in concrete. The study examined the mechanical performance and durability of several POFA–RHA concrete mix designs with the goal of reducing environmental impact while maintaining structural integrity. A systematic approach was applied for material characterization, which included advanced methods such as Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The workability, compressive strength, and water absorption of concrete samples with varying POFA and RHA proportions were assessed. The findings showed that a mixture containing 25% POFA and 5% RHA achieved notable improvements in strength and durability while reducing water absorption. In contrast, higher replacement levels reduced workability and performance due to increased water demand and particle aggregation. Overall, the combination of 25% POFA and 5% RHA delivered substantial enhancements in strength, durability, and water absorption. Tecno Scientifica Publishing 2025-08-25 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/636 10.53623/sein.v2i2.636 Sustainable Environmental Insight; Volume 2 - Issue 2 - 2025; 51-60 3036-0285 10.53623/sein.v2i2 eng https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/636/352 Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Hakim Abd Razak, Najeeha Mohd Apandi, Mohd Syafiq Syazwan Mustafa, Noor Kamalia Abd Hamed, Muhammad Rafi Azmi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:oai.tecnoscientifica.com:article/637 2025-06-23T03:02:31Z sein:ART

Bamboo as a Geogrid Material for Enhanced Slope Stabilization Jaibin, Jienovicco Winner Mohd Apandi, Najeeha Mustafa, Mohd Syafiq Syazwan Nagarajah, Ramathasan Abuala, Alfituri Ibrahim Abdullah Bamboo Geogrid Slope stabilization Bamboo (Bambusoideae) was developed as a sustainable alternative to synthetic geogrids for use in slope stabilization due to its high mechanical strength, rapid renewability, and low environmental footprint. This research examined the performance of non-treated Gigantochloa scortechinii (Buluh Dinding) bamboo as geogrid reinforcement in clay loam soil, which was a widely open area of critical tropical soil applications. The results confirmed that bamboo geogrid reinforcement increased soil stability, with the shear resistance rising from 31 kPa in unreinforced soil to 65 kPa in reinforced soil. In addition, the introduction of two-layer bamboo geogrids decreased soil consolidation by 50.46%, demonstrating better performance compared to the use of single-layer bamboo geogrids. Mechanical tests showed that bamboo specimens with larger diameters (7 cm) and bricks of optimal thickness (1.5 cm) supported compressive stresses of up to 1152.29 MPa, proving their structural suitability for geotechnical purposes. These results emphasized that bamboo was a successful eco-friendly geogrid material capable of replacing mineral alternatives and facilitating green infrastructure development. It offered valuable insights for adopting bamboo-based solutions in slope stabilization in areas exposed to challenges of soil instability and erosion. Tecno Scientifica Publishing 2025-06-09 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/637 10.53623/sein.v2i1.637 Sustainable Environmental Insight; Volume 2 - Issue 1 - 2025; 1-11 3036-0285 10.53623/sein.v2i1 eng https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/637/318 Copyright (c) 2025 Jienovicco Winner Jaibin, Najeeha Mohd Apandi, Mohd Syafiq Syazwan Mustafa, Ramathasan Nagarajah, Alfituri Ibrahim Abdullah Abuala https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:oai.tecnoscientifica.com:article/657 2025-06-23T03:02:29Z sein:REV

Environmental Remediation Applications of Nanocomposites on Water Pollution Son, Sam Wil Muhammad Noor Hazwan Jusoh Parjo, Umi Kalthsom Mohd Dzulkifli, Syahrun Neizam Nanocomposites Water pollution Environmental remediation Heavy metal removal Wastewater treatment Nanofiltration membranes Economic growth was followed by industrialization and population expansion, which led to an increased demand for goods, energy, food, and water. While this contributed to rapid global development, it also severely polluted the Earth, especially the air, water, and soil. Water pollution, in particular, is critical, as water is essential for both human and animal life. However, the discharge of industrial waste, effluents, agricultural runoff, and untreated sewage into water bodies has become a widespread issue, leading to serious health consequences for humans and damage to ecosystems. To address this problem, the use of nanocomposites has emerged as a promising solution for the remediation of harmful substances and the restoration of natural environments. This new-age technology employs a variety of nanocomposite materials designed to target different stages of water pollution. These include electrospun nanofibrous membranes for the removal of heavy metals, nanocomposite membranes for wastewater filtration, polymer-based nanocomposites that degrade water pollutants and inhibit microbial growth, natural nanocomposites derived from reusable materials with minimal environmental impact, and magnetic nanocomposites for water purification. Due to their high efficiency, cost-effectiveness, environmental compatibility, and adaptability, these materials have the potential to serve as sustainable third-generation water treatment technologies. Thus, the general application of nanocomposites in environmental protection and the decontamination of water pollutants, with respect to their sources, fate, and effects on human health, is increasingly being explored and reviewed. Tecno Scientifica Publishing 2025-06-09 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/657 10.53623/sein.v2i1.657 Sustainable Environmental Insight; Volume 2 - Issue 1 - 2025; 12-23 3036-0285 10.53623/sein.v2i1 eng https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/657/319 Copyright (c) 2025 Sam Wil Son, Muhammad Noor Hazwan Jusoh, Umi Kalthsom Parjo, Syahrun Neizam Mohd Dzulkifli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:oai.tecnoscientifica.com:article/659 2025-06-23T03:02:28Z sein:REV

Microplastic Pollution in Malaysia's Coastal Areas: Impacts, Challenges, and Sustainable Solutions Woo, Jun Fui Mohd Dzulkifli, Syahrun Neizam Parjo, Umi Kalthsom Mohd Dzulkifli, Dzunnur Zaily Jusoh, Muhammad Noor Hazwan Microplastics; Marine pollution; Coastal ecosystems; Environmental health; Waste management; Southeast Asia Microplastic contamination became a serious environmental problem in Malaysia’s coastal areas, endangering marine life and human health. This review provided an overview of the status of microplastic pollution, focusing on its sources, spatial distribution, and ecological effects in Malaysian marine habitats from a holistic perspective. The article summarized key findings from recent research, which showed high levels of microplastics in coastal sediments and fauna, with fibers identified as the predominant type of contaminant. The paper compared several remediation methods, including biodegradation by indigenous bacterial strains and advanced electrocoagulation, which achieved a removal efficiency of 96.5%. However, significant challenges remained, such as limited waste management infrastructure, a lack of public education, and technological constraints in scaling up effective solutions. Three key recommendations were made: (1) enactment of strict national waste management regulations and infrastructure, with strong emphasis on recycling facilities and collection systems; (2) funding for localized research and development in cost-effective remediation technologies; and (3) national campaigns to promote reductions in plastic use. The study emphasized the necessity of a comprehensive strategy that integrated scientific innovation, policy reform, and community participation to address this growing environmental crisis. The findings of this review offered valuable information for policymakers and environmental practitioners in efforts to conserve marine biodiversity in Malaysia and served as a potential guide for developing countries facing similar challenges. Tecno Scientifica Publishing 2025-06-09 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/659 10.53623/sein.v2i1.659 Sustainable Environmental Insight; Volume 2 - Issue 1 - 2025; 24-39 3036-0285 10.53623/sein.v2i1 eng https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/659/320 Copyright (c) 2025 Jun Fui Woo, Syahrun Neizam Mohd Dzulkifli, Umi Kalthsom Parjo, Dzunnur Zaily Mohd Dzulkifli, Muhammad Noor Hazwan Jusoh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:oai.tecnoscientifica.com:article/684 2025-06-23T03:02:26Z sein:ART

Flocculation Efficiency of Organic and Inorganic Coagulants in Microalgae Bloom Harvesting Lee, Chi Hien Gani, Paran Mohd Salleh, Siti Nor Aishah Matias-Peralta, Hazel Monica Microalgae harvesting Flocculation Algal blooms Coagulants Water treatment Biomass recovery The present study investigated the performance of inorganic (alum) and organic (chitosan) coagulants in the flocculation-harvesting of microalgae blooms. Water samples were collected from the eutrophic Gunung Lang Recreational Park, Ipoh, Malaysia. The analysis results indicated moderate contamination, with the early stages of algal bloom suggested by high pH and moderate turbidity. Optimisation of coagulant dosage and pH was carried out through a jar-test experiment and Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The best performance was observed with alum, achieving 98.7% harvesting efficiency at 105 mg/l and pH 8.5, while chitosan reached 86% efficiency at 180 mg/l and pH 5.0. Statistical analysis revealed that pH and dosage significantly impacted flocculation performance. These results demonstrated that alum and chitosan were cost-effective and efficient coagulants. Moreover, chitosan presented a biodegradable alternative, offering environmental sustainability in the long term. This study suggested that flocculation could be a competitive and scalable technique for improving water quality and recovering microalgae biomass, with potential applications in large-scale water treatment. Tecno Scientifica Publishing 2025-06-09 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/684 10.53623/sein.v2i1.684 Sustainable Environmental Insight; Volume 2 - Issue 1 - 2025; 40-50 3036-0285 10.53623/sein.v2i1 eng https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/684/321 Copyright (c) 2025 Chi Hien Lee, Paran Gani, Siti Nor Aishah Mohd Salleh, Hazel Monica Matias-Peralta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:oai.tecnoscientifica.com:article/730 2025-08-28T00:58:04Z sein:ART

Estimating Heavy Metal Concentrations in Landfill Leachate and the Impact of Waste Segregation in Malaysia Rangga, Josfirin Uding Syed Ismail , Sharifah Norkhadijah Karuppiah, Karmegam Rasdi, Irniza Landfill leachate heavy metals mathematical modelling waste segregation environmental risk Estimation of heavy metal concentrations in leachate was crucial for effective landfill management and pollution mitigation. The study aimed to estimate the volume of landfill leachate, the heavy metal content in the leachate, and their reduction through waste segregation practices. It was conducted in Malaysia and utilised municipal solid waste volume data from six states and two federal territories. A mathematical empirical model was applied to estimate the concentrations of heavy metals in the leachate. Based on the volume of landfilled waste, an estimated 565,000 cubic metres (m³) of leachate were discharged annually. Among the heavy metals analysed, Pb and Zn exhibited the highest concentrations (8.49 kg/yr). Waste segregation practices reduced heavy metal discharge in leachate, preventing approximately 7.09 × 10⁻⁴ to 5.32 × 10⁻³ kg/yr. Through mathematical modelling, this research provided a cost-effective approach for estimating heavy metal concentrations and supported strategies for addressing environmental and health impacts. Tecno Scientifica Publishing 2025-08-25 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/730 10.53623/sein.v2i2.730 Sustainable Environmental Insight; Volume 2 - Issue 2 - 2025; 61-71 3036-0285 10.53623/sein.v2i2 eng https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/730/353 Copyright (c) 2025 Josfirin Uding Rangga, Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail , Karmegam Karuppiah, Irniza Rasdi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:oai.tecnoscientifica.com:article/767 2025-09-13T06:44:00Z sein:ART

Assessment of Heavy Metals, Microplastics Abundance, Pollution Level, and Contamination Risk in the Ganges Downstream Rahman, Md Ohidur Mostafa, M. G. Islam, M. Sultan-Ul Zaman, Shahed Ganges downstream Surface water Microplastics Heavy metals Pollution The degradation of aquatic ecosystems and their links to climate change had made microplastic (MP) contamination a significant environmental concern. The study evaluated the water quality and assessed the abundance, pollution level, and contamination risk of microplastics in the downstream of the Ganges. The analysis results revealed that biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, nitrate, and chromium levels slightly exceeded ECR-BD (2023) standards, reflecting mild pollution. Heavy metal analysis showed the following sequence of concentration: Fe > Cr > Cu > Ni > Pb > Zn > Mn > Cd, which increased gradually. Considering the water quality indices, the river water was moderately polluted. MP concentrations were higher in the pre-monsoon (17.7 particles/l) than in the post-monsoon (14.3 particles/l) season, with blue fibers <1 mm as the dominant forms. The identified MPs were polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyvinyl chloride. The contamination factor (CF > 1) and the pollution load index (PLI > 1) indicated that the analyzed area was moderately contaminated with MPs. According to the study, the concentrations of Cr, Fe, and Cu increased with rising MP levels. Based on the co-occurrence of MPs and heavy metals, the Ganges River faced new ecological threats that needed to be addressed by tighter wastewater regulations, better plastic waste management, ongoing monitoring, and the implementation of transboundary policies to mitigate microplastic pollution. Tecno Scientifica Publishing 2025-09-10 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf application/pdf https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/767 10.53623/sein.v2i2.767 Sustainable Environmental Insight; Volume 2 - Issue 2 - 2025; 124-140 3036-0285 10.53623/sein.v2i2 eng https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/767/365 https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/767/366 Copyright (c) 2025 Md Ohidur Rahman, M. G. Mostafa, M. Sultan-Ul Islam, Shahed Zaman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:oai.tecnoscientifica.com:article/778 2025-09-13T06:44:04Z sein:REV

Marine Protected Areas: A Literature Review of Their Conservation Effectiveness in Safeguarding Marine Biodiversity Dave, Sunshine Rose N. Keywords: MPA’s, effectiveness; marine conservation; challenges; current trends Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are crucial for maintaining marine biological diversity because they safeguarded ecosystems, protected endangered or threatened species, and supported livelihoods, while social and economic security could be achieved by managing marine resources sustainably. This literature review aimed to synthesize related and relevant studies on the effectiveness of MPAs in safeguarding marine biodiversity. The study synthesized twenty (20) published peer-reviewed research articles and reports to scrutinize and provide answers to the questions surrounding the effectiveness, benefits, and challenges in enforcing this global conservation target. The outcomes of the reviewed and assessed papers revealed that well-managed MPAs significantly contributed to habitat restoration, species population recovery, and ecosystem resilience. However, issues such as weak enforcement, stakeholder conflicts, and climate change jeopardized their full potential. This review highlighted the contradictory position of this extensively used management tool at the intersection of biodiversity conservation and emphasized the necessity of adaptive management techniques to enhance MPA design, community involvement, and stronger policy enforcement. Tecno Scientifica Publishing 2025-09-03 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/778 10.53623/sein.v2i2.778 Sustainable Environmental Insight; Volume 2 - Issue 2 - 2025; 72-82 3036-0285 10.53623/sein.v2i2 eng https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/778/358 Copyright (c) 2025 Sunshine Rose N. Dave https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:oai.tecnoscientifica.com:article/789 2025-09-13T06:44:02Z sein:REV

Phorboxazole A: Comparative Synthetic Approaches, Bioactivity, and Future Green Chemistry Strategies Tongco, Jovale Vincent Total synthesis retrosynthetic analysis phorboxazole macrolides marine sponge Phorbas sp Phorboxazole A is a tropical marine macrolide isolated from the sponge Phorbas sp. and has emerged as one of the most potent cytostatic agents found in nature, with nanomolar activity against diverse cancer cell lines and antifungal properties against pathogens like Candida albicans. The structural complexity of Phorboxazole A, characterized by a 46-carbon skeleton, 28 stereocenters, two oxazole rings, and a macrocyclic core, has spurred innovative synthetic campaigns since its isolation 30 years ago. This review article highlights the approaches in total synthesis strategies for phorboxazole A, emphasizing the Petasis-Ferrier union/rearrangement, tri-component coupling, convergent assembly, stereoselective cyclization, and comparative retrosynthetic analysis, followed by discussions regarding its biological activity, and the feasibility of utilizing green chemistry principles in mitigating the hazardous effects on human health and the environment. Tecno Scientifica Publishing 2025-09-03 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf application/pdf https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/789 10.53623/sein.v2i2.789 Sustainable Environmental Insight; Volume 2 - Issue 2 - 2025; 83-97 3036-0285 10.53623/sein.v2i2 eng https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/789/360 https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/789/361 Copyright (c) 2025 Jovale Vincent Tongco https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:oai.tecnoscientifica.com:article/791 2025-09-13T06:44:01Z sein:REV

Enhancing Soil and Water Quality through Microbial Bioremediation: A Sustainable Approach to Environmental Restoration Ebol, Melanie Soliveres Adlaon, Mauricio S. Bioremediation; soil and water quality; microbial; impacts This work focused on microbial bioremediation as a sustainable approach for improving soil and water quality affected by heavy metals, hydrocarbons, and other recalcitrant pollutants. The primary goal was to assess the efficacy of microbial consortia compared with single strains and to investigate ecological resilience and system-level dynamics that enabled long-term remediation. Unlike conventional physical or chemical treatments, microbial systems generated synergies of metabolic processes and ecological interactions that enhanced pollutant degradation. This review integrated recent advances in genomics, systems modeling, and ecological monitoring, and demonstrated how these tools were applied in biostimulation and bioaugmentation strategies. The novelty of this work lay in combining fine-grained microbial processes with system-level resilience thinking, providing new insights into the scalability and sustainability of bioremediation. While microbial systems were highly promising, challenges remained, including incomplete degradation, site heterogeneity, and biosafety concerns. The paper concluded with recommendations for the robust design of microbial consortia, the development of predictive ecological models, and the improvement of policy frameworks to ensure safe, equitable, and long-term adoption of microbial bioremediation. Tecno Scientifica Publishing 2025-09-05 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/791 10.53623/sein.v2i2.791 Sustainable Environmental Insight; Volume 2 - Issue 2 - 2025; 98-112 3036-0285 10.53623/sein.v2i2 eng https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/791/362 Copyright (c) 2025 Melanie Soliveres Ebol, Mauricio S. Adlaon https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:oai.tecnoscientifica.com:article/796 2025-09-13T06:43:59Z sein:ART

Evaluation of the Treatment Performance Over Time of Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater from Rice Noodle Handicraft Village after Biogas Process Thanh, Nguyen Van Thuong Giang, Pham Anh, Bui Thi Kim Thuy, Nguyen Thi Thu Constructed wetland rice noodle handicraft village wastewater hydraulic retention time treatment performance Constructed wetlands (CWs) offer a low-cost and sustainable treatment option. However, their performance strongly depends on hydraulic retention time (HRT), which also influences land use and construction requirements. This study aimed to determine the minimum HRT required for treating wastewater from rice noodle handicraft villages after the biogas process to meet the National Technical Regulation on Industrial Wastewater (QCVN 40:2025/BTNMT), Column B. The CW system was set up in a glass tank (50 × 30 × 50 cm) with a 40 cm substrate layer consisting of yellow sand mixed with crushed stone, limestone (1 × 2 cm), and gravel (3 × 5 cm), and was planted with Cyperus alternifolius at a density of 18 plants per CW unit. The system was operated for 70 days with daily sampling. Results showed that effluent quality met QCVN 40:2025/BTNMT, Column B standards after 4 days, with average treatment efficiencies of 89.2% for total suspended solids (TSS), 82.4% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), 54.7% for total nitrogen (TN), and 78.1% for total phosphorus (TP). Although longer HRTs improved treatment efficiencies, removal rates plateaued after the fourth day. Therefore, a 4-day HRT is recommended as an optimal balance between treatment performance and construction cost. These findings provide practical implications for scaling up CW systems to improve wastewater management in Vietnamese handicraft villages. Tecno Scientifica Publishing 2025-09-10 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/796 10.53623/sein.v2i2.796 Sustainable Environmental Insight; Volume 2 - Issue 2 - 2025; 113-123 3036-0285 10.53623/sein.v2i2 eng https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/796/364 Copyright (c) 2025 Nguyen Van Thanh, Pham Thuong Giang, Bui Thi Kim Anh, Nguyen Thi Thu Thuy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:oai.tecnoscientifica.com:article/840 2025-12-03T06:53:34Z sein:REV

The Current Status and Potential Technologies for Treating Antibiotic Pollution in the Aquatic Environment in Vietnam An, Tran Van Antibiotic pollution in Vietnam aquatic environment potential technologies wastewater treatment This study investigated the occurrence of antibiotic contamination in aquatic environments in Vietnam and proposed potential treatment technologies. Major sources of antibiotic release included urban domestic activities, livestock production, aquaculture, healthcare facilities, and pharmaceutical manufacturing. A wide range of antibiotics was detected at elevated concentrations in rivers, lakes, and canals, with the most frequently reported groups being sulfonamides, macrolides, quinolones, and tetracyclines, at levels ranging from several ng/l to thousands of ng/l. The paper critically reviewed existing treatment technologies, encompassing biological approaches such as activated sludge, biofilm reactors, and constructed wetlands; physical approaches including adsorption and membrane filtration; and chemical approaches such as Fenton oxidation, ozonation, and photocatalysis, with emphasis on their respective advantages and limitations. To address the specific conditions of Vietnam, a three-module integrated treatment model was proposed, consisting of activated sludge for organic matter degradation, activated carbon adsorption columns for antibiotic removal, and constructed wetlands for residual polishing. This integrated system was expected to provide high removal efficiency, low operational costs, and environmental sustainability. The findings offered a scientific basis for controlling antibiotic pollution, mitigating the risks of antimicrobial resistance, and protecting aquatic ecosystems. Tecno Scientifica Publishing 2025-11-04 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/840 10.53623/sein.v3i1.840 Sustainable Environmental Insight; Volume 3 - Issue 1 - 2026; 1-16 3036-0285 10.53623/sein.v3i1 eng https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/840/380 Copyright (c) 2025 Tran Van An https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:oai.tecnoscientifica.com:article/994 2026-03-05T04:28:05Z sein:ART

Evaluation of Soil Organic Carbon in Gana, Saniko and Agbarha-Otor in Ughelli North Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria Abel, Otache Monday Priscilla, Afitijagun Iyabo Agbajor, Godwin Kparobo Deforestation soil organic carbon mangrove bulk density climate change mitigation soil degradation The restoration of mangroves was essential for implementing climate change mitigation strategies. Deforestation, forest degradation, and global warming increased the amount of greenhouse gases released from the soil, which contributed to climate change. The impact of forest restoration and regenerative farming techniques was thus hindered by the absence of adequate data on Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) in the Niger Delta region, which was vulnerable to soil degradation as a result of crude oil activities. Therefore, the quantification of SOC in Gana, Saniko, and Agbarha-Otor in Ughelli North of Delta State, Nigeria, was carried out to address this challenge. The findings indicated that Agbarha-Otor had the highest mean value of 1.1232 g/cm³, while Gana had the lowest mean soil bulk density (0.7764 g/cm³). A similar pattern was observed for the organic matter content, with Agbarha-Otor recording the highest mean value of 4.14% and Gana having the lowest mean soil organic matter content (2.03%). In Gana, Saniko, and Agbarha-Otor, the estimated levels of SOC ranged from 31.33 to 136.81 t C/ha. The results of this study would help policymakers develop measures that were suitable for the conservation of soil carbon. Tecno Scientifica Publishing 2026-03-03 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/994 10.53623/sein.v3i1.994 Sustainable Environmental Insight; Volume 3 - Issue 1 - 2026; 89−97 3036-0285 10.53623/sein.v3i1 eng https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/994/462 Copyright (c) 2026 Otache Monday Abel, Afitijagun Iyabo Priscilla, Godwin Kparobo Agbajor https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:oai.tecnoscientifica.com:article/998 2026-03-14T05:30:07Z sein:REV

Aquatic Toxicity Bioassays and Gesamp-Based Hazard Profiling of Oil Field Chemical Additives: Acute, Chronic, and Sub-Lethal Effects on Freshwater and Marine Organisms Okoroafor, Uzoma Chukwuka Essien, Ubong Bernard Ekpo, Ndifreke Daniel Husain, Adams Zainab Akpabio, Abasiama Joseph Micheal, Prince Uche Nornubari, Akeke Pretty Ozohili, Linda I. Omobolaji, Omikunle Mutiu Oluebube, Mgbeojieme Chinecherem Sub-lethal effects Chronic toxicity GESAMP hazard profiling Aquatic toxicity bioassays Oil field chemical additives Crustacean and fish sentinel species Freshwater–marine comparative toxicity Oilfield chemical additives (OFCAs) played a critical role in petroleum exploration and production, particularly in corrosion control, demulsification, scale control, and microbial management. Although they were important for industrial processes, their discharge into water bodies via runoff and accidental losses posed ecological and human health risks. Traditional environmental risk analyses were heavily based on acute toxicity measures, particularly 96-hour lethal concentration (LC)50 values, which did not sufficiently reflect the ecological significance of chronic and low-level exposures. The use of acute toxicity categorizations as indicators of sublethal biological impairment and overall environmental risk was therefore not fully addressed. This paper presented a critical synthesis of existing bioassay data to assess the relationship between acute toxicity categories and chronic and sublethal biological outcomes of OFCAs, with the objective of improving hazard characterization beyond LC50-centric regulatory frameworks. A systematic review of published aquatic toxicity studies from 1992 to 2018 was conducted using the Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP) hazard profiling framework. Bioassay data were compiled for major classes of OFCAs using Oreochromis niloticus, a freshwater teleost model, and Palaemonetes africanus, a crustacean sentinel species. Key toxicity endpoints were compared and analyzed, including LC50, No-Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC), Lowest Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC), and various sublethal endpoints such as growth, reproduction, and developmental impairment. The GESAMP hazard classifications (A1, D3) were applied. The synthesis indicated that marine and crustacean species were consistently more sensitive than freshwater fish. High acute hazards were commonly associated with biocides and demulsifiers, while chronic toxicity thresholds were often one or two orders of magnitude lower than lethal concentrations. Extensive sublethal effects, including growth inhibition, reproductive impairment, and developmental abnormalities, were observed. The substantial difference between acute lethality and chronic toxicity classifications indicated a major underestimation of long-term ecological risk when LC50 values were used alone. These findings demonstrated that environmental risks associated with OFCAs were predominantly chronic and sublethal rather than exclusively acute and lethal. This supported the adoption of precautionary, species-sensitive, and multi-endpoint hazard assessment frameworks that incorporated chronic toxicity measures into regulatory decision-making processes. Moving beyond LC50-based approaches enhanced ecological risk characterization and strengthened environmental protection strategies in oil-producing regions, particularly in vulnerable aquatic ecosystems such as those in the Niger Delta. Tecno Scientifica Publishing 2026-03-07 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/998 10.53623/sein.v3i1.998 Sustainable Environmental Insight; Volume 3 - Issue 1 - 2026; 116–132 3036-0285 10.53623/sein.v3i1 eng https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/998/466 Copyright (c) 2026 Uzoma Chukwuka Okoroafor, Ubong Bernard Essien, Ndifreke Daniel Ekpo, Adams Zainab Husain, Abasiama Joseph Akpabio, Prince Uche Micheal, Akeke Pretty Nornubari, Linda I. Ozohili, Omikunle Mutiu Omobolaji, Mgbeojieme Chinecherem Oluebube https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:oai.tecnoscientifica.com:article/1003 2026-03-05T04:28:08Z sein:REV

Applications of Synthetic Biology in Microbial and Enzymatic Systems for Microplastic Degradation: A Review Tang, Kuok Ho Daniel Directed evolution Enzyme engineering Metabolic engineering Microbial chassis Rational design Whole-cell engineering Microplastic pollution poses a persistent environmental challenge due to the chemical recalcitrance, low bioavailability, and environmental stability of synthetic polymers. Synthetic biology has emerged as a powerful, integrative framework for enhancing biological degradation of microplastics by systematically engineering enzymes, microbial chassis, and metabolic pathways. This narrative review examines recent advances in enzyme engineering, whole-cell engineering, and metabolic engineering that collectively enhance the efficiency, robustness, and scalability of microbial and enzymatic systems for plastic degradation. At the enzyme level, rational design, directed evolution, and computationally guided approaches have driven substantial improvements in the catalytic performance of plastic-degrading enzymes, particularly polyester hydrolases such as PETase, MHETase, cutinases, and LCC variants. Structure-guided mutagenesis and machine-learning–assisted workflows have yielded next-generation enzymes with enhanced activity, thermostability, and substrate affinity, enabling the depolymerization of semicrystalline and post-consumer plastics under increasingly mild, industrially relevant conditions. Domain fusion strategies further address mass-transfer limitations by improving enzyme–polymer interactions, especially for highly crystalline substrates. Beyond isolated enzymes, whole-cell engineering integrates enzyme production, localization, and activity within living systems. Surface display platforms, biofilm-based immobilization, secretion systems, and multi-enzyme cascades facilitate sustained enzyme–substrate contact, reduce diffusional losses, and enable sequential depolymerization. Engineered microbial chassis have demonstrated effective microplastic degradation in controlled environments, although catalytic efficiency, intermediate toxicity, and biosafety concerns currently limit deployment in open environments. Metabolic engineering complements depolymerization by enabling microbial assimilation and conversion of plastic-derived monomers into central metabolites or value-added products, supporting closed-loop recycling and upcycling concepts. However, pathway complexity, flux imbalance, and substrate toxicity remain significant constraints. Overall, the review highlights that the most effective synthetic biology strategies for microplastic degradation arise from integrating enzyme engineering with whole-cell and systems-level optimization. While technical and economic challenges persist, continued advances in computational design, process integration, and systems synthetic biology hold strong promise for developing scalable, environmentally safe solutions aligned with circular economy principles. Tecno Scientifica Publishing 2026-02-12 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/1003 10.53623/sein.v3i1.1003 Sustainable Environmental Insight; Volume 3 - Issue 1 - 2026; 17-43 3036-0285 10.53623/sein.v3i1 eng https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/1003/445 Copyright (c) 2026 Kuok Ho Daniel Tang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:oai.tecnoscientifica.com:article/1008 2026-03-05T04:28:08Z sein:REV

Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Environmental Management in Vietnam: A Mini Review Thanh, Nguyen Van Thuong Giang, Pham Thuy, Nguyen Thi Thu Artificial intelligence environmental management Vietnam Vietnam faced serious environmental challenges, including air pollution, waste management issues, natural disasters, climate change, and biodiversity loss. This paper provided a mini-review of artificial intelligence (AI) applications in the environmental sector in Vietnam, based on studies published between 2020 and 2025. AI was effectively applied in various domains, such as high-accuracy air quality forecasting using models such as LightGBM and CatBoost; optimization of solid waste management through Random Forest and integrated IoT systems; flood and landslide prediction using XGBoost and LSTM; climate change impact assessment based on stacked LSTM architectures; and natural resource monitoring employing convolutional neural networks combined with geographic information systems. These studies demonstrated that AI outperformed traditional methods in terms of accuracy and efficiency, thereby supporting data-driven decision-making. However, major challenges remained, including limitations in data availability, human resources, and technical infrastructure. The paper further proposed development directions such as establishing open databases, strengthening human capacity building, and promoting international collaboration to accelerate AI adoption in alignment with Vietnam’s National AI Strategy toward 2030. Overall, AI was expected to become a key enabling tool for sustainable environmental management in Vietnam. Tecno Scientifica Publishing 2026-02-25 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/1008 10.53623/sein.v3i1.1008 Sustainable Environmental Insight; Volume 3 - Issue 1 - 2026; 44−55 3036-0285 10.53623/sein.v3i1 eng https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/1008/456 Copyright (c) 2026 Nguyen Van Thanh, Pham Thuong Giang, Nguyen Thi Thu Thuy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:oai.tecnoscientifica.com:article/1014 2026-03-14T05:30:06Z sein:REV

Strengthening Climate Resilience for Smallholder farmers in Isingiro District, Uganda: A Documentary Review Nahabwe, Judith Adyanga, Francis Akena Ocan, Johnson sustainability effectiveness smallholder constraints enabling environment policy Climate resilience was a lifeline for millions of smallholder farmers amidst the escalating climatic crises. This paper aimed to evaluate several resilience approaches utilized by smallholder farmers under underlying constraints and enabling environments in the Isingiro District. A documentary review was utilized in which secondary data were gathered from peer-reviewed articles and other credible sources. The study findings revealed the continued utilization of agronomic practices such as mulching, intercropping, and crop rotation, while transformative practices were adopted to a lesser extent despite high levels of climate change awareness. This indicated the presence of structural and institutional constraints that hindered the translation of climate awareness into practice. Various institutional and systemic barriers emerged throughout the analysis, with limited access to finance, inadequate extension services, and poor land tenure systems appearing recurrently in most of the reviewed literature. Climate resilience was found to be a highly dynamic and evolving process, implying the need for flexible and adaptive local governance to allow the integration of local realities into policies, plans, and budgets. It was further revealed that the adoption and effectiveness of resilience approaches depended heavily on governance structures and institutions that moderated the options available and affordable to smallholder farmers. Therefore, creating sustainable resilience for smallholder farmers in Isingiro required approaches that addressed underlying limitations, created a supportive environment, and blended traditional and technical solutions. Tecno Scientifica Publishing 2026-03-07 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/1014 10.53623/sein.v3i1.1014 Sustainable Environmental Insight; Volume 3 - Issue 1 - 2026; 98–115 3036-0285 10.53623/sein.v3i1 eng https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/1014/464 Copyright (c) 2026 Judith Nahabwe, Francis Akena Adyanga, Doctor https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:oai.tecnoscientifica.com:article/1021 2026-03-05T04:28:04Z sein:ART

Climate-Resilient Solution for Drinking Water Management Through Atmospheric Water Harvesting: A Systematic Case Study of Atmospheric Water Generation Deployment in Zambia Using Monte Carlo Simulation and Sensitivity Analysis Eya, Ekolle Ndinde Ngwu , Tochukwu Ambrose Odoh, Tochukwu Michael Mahmud, Ibrahim Ayinla Abashiya, Deborah Osayie Ogonnaya , Chukwu Uzo Oguh , Emmanuel Ebubechukwu Oluwayomi , Dapo Amupitan Water Security Monte Carlo simulation Atmospheric water generation Climate change Sustainability Southern Africa, specifically Zambia, was still faced with the challenge of water scarcity coupled with climate variability, which posed a significant threat to access to safe potable water. Due to the lack of adequate supply systems, there was a growing need for decentralized and climate-resilient systems. One alternative system was Atmospheric Water Generation (AWG); however, the existing literature on AWG usability was largely centered on machine specifications, with limited insight into its feasibility within specific climatic and demographic contexts. Accordingly, this study assessed the community-scale feasibility of AWG deployment in Zambia by integrating climate variability, population demand, and uncertainty into a unified planning framework. Monthly temperature and relative humidity data were integrated with ward-level population statistics and manufacturer performance specifications of an HPT3000 AWG unit. Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) was applied to propagate uncertainty in climate, demand, and system performance, while seasonal risk indices were used to quantify reliability. Relative humidity (r = 0.95) and temperature (r = −0.24) demonstrated significant influence, generating 17–29% of the minimum potable water demand per ward. The output dropped by more than 80% during dry months due to seasonal variation, implying strong climatic sensitivity, while MCS showed a 52.1% probability of failing to meet 10% of the baseline potable water demand. The findings demonstrated that AWG was unsuitable as a sole water source but could potentially be used as a climate-conditioned auxiliary system when strategically positioned to complement risk-based, decentralized water planning under hydro-climatic uncertainty. Tecno Scientifica Publishing 2026-03-03 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/1021 10.53623/sein.v3i1.1021 Sustainable Environmental Insight; Volume 3 - Issue 1 - 2026; 72−88 3036-0285 10.53623/sein.v3i1 eng https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/1021/461 Copyright (c) 2026 Ekolle Ndinde Eya, Tochukwu Ambrose Ngwu , Tochukwu Michael Odoh, Ibrahim Ayinla Mahmud, Deborah Osayie Abashiya, Chukwu Uzo Ogonnaya , Emmanuel Ebubechukwu Oguh , Dapo Amupitan Oluwayomi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:oai.tecnoscientifica.com:article/1032 2026-03-05T04:28:06Z sein:ART

The Role of Local Stakeholders in the Development of Smart Tourism Destinations: Evidence from Kota Lama Semarang, Indonesia: Evidence from Kota Lama Semarang Aghany, Whildhan Win Djunaedi, Achmad Smart Tourism Destination Stakeholder Interaction Kota Lama Semarang The success of implementing the Smart Tourism Destination (STD) dimension is determined by the ability of local planning authorities to adopt technological innovations in building a smart ecosystem. However, the flexible use of technology in planning has resulted in a lack of conceptual clarity. This condition raises questions about whether a destination can be classified as a Smart Tourism Destination solely through technological adoption, or whether such innovations fail to address urban problems and eventually remain unused. Therefore, the implementation of the STD dimension should begin with the formulation of definitions and characteristics aligned with local capacities. The concept of STD emphasizes interaction among stakeholders as a key element in the development of tourism activities. This study employs a qualitative descriptive approach to understand the actual conditions of actors, their roles, and the interaction patterns that shape tourism activities in Kota Lama Semarang. The transformation of interactions among local stakeholders within tourism destinations into the Smart Tourism Destination framework is expected to contribute to the formulation of development strategies for the Kota Lama Semarang tourism area. Considering that the implementation of a Smart Tourism Destination must be adapted to regional characteristics, financial capacity, and human resource capabilities in adopting technological innovation, this study seeks to identify the stakeholders involved in the STD ecosystem at a fundamental level. The study aims to ensure that technological innovation remains aligned with the primary objective of a Smart Tourism Destination, namely enhancing the quality of experience for all actors involved in tourism activities. Tecno Scientifica Publishing 2026-02-26 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/1032 10.53623/sein.v3i1.1032 Sustainable Environmental Insight; Volume 3 - Issue 1 - 2026; 56−71 3036-0285 10.53623/sein.v3i1 eng https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/1032/458 Copyright (c) 2026 Whildhan Win Aghany, Achmad Djunaedi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:oai.tecnoscientifica.com:article/1086 2026-04-09T17:20:44Z sein:REV

A Systematic Review on Biodiversity and Ecological Integrity of Himalayan Freshwater Lakes Sharma, Parul Shekhar, Chander Sharma, Arvind Kumar Kumar, Akshay Dorach, Rakesh Kumar Kumar, Rakesh Kumar, Sunil Sharma, Amit Kumar The western Himalayan region, particularly the Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh, was home to many freshwater lakes that represented ecologically critical systems sustaining high biodiversity and various essential ecosystem services, including nutrient cycling, climate regulation, and livelihood support. These lakes differed in size, altitude, and ecological characteristics. They contained diverse species of plankton and fish, which were key components of the aquatic food web, served as bioindicators of water quality, and played a crucial role in ecosystem functioning. This review aimed to assess the biodiversity and ecological integrity of freshwater lakes, with a focus on understanding the relationship between biological diversity, water quality, and environmental stressors. A systematic literature review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. For data collection, Google Scholar, PubMed, ResearchGate, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases were searched using relevant keywords. Studies published between 2010 and 2025 focusing on freshwater lakes of Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh were included, addressing ecological integrity, including water quality, biodiversity, trophic status, and pollution. The review revealed that these lakes supported diverse and functionally important planktonic and fish communities that regulated primary productivity and acted as reliable bioindicators of water quality. However, increasing anthropogenic pressures, including pollution, urbanisation, overexploitation, and unregulated tourism, were degrading water quality and disrupting ecological balance. Climate change, particularly glacial retreat and shifting precipitation regimes, further exacerbated these impacts, accelerating ecosystem instability and biodiversity loss. Overall, the freshwater lakes of the Himalayan region were under significant stress due to anthropogenic effects and climate change, resulting in declining water quality and biodiversity loss. To prevent further biodiversity loss and maintain ecological integrity, effective conservation strategies, strict policy implementation, and community participation were required to ensure long-term ecological sustainability. Tecno Scientifica Publishing 2026-04-09 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/1086 10.53623/sein.v3i2.1086 Sustainable Environmental Insight; Volume 3 - Issue 2 - 2026; 1-19 3036-0285 10.53623/sein.v3i2 eng https://tecnoscientifica.com/journal/sein/article/view/1086/483 Copyright (c) 2026 Parul Sharma, Chander Shekhar, Arvind Kumar Sharma, Akshay Kumar, Rakesh Kumar Dorach, Rakesh Kumar, Sunil Kumar, Amit Kumar Sharma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0