Skip to main content
Article | Industrial and Domestic Waste Management | Volume 4 - Issue 1 - 2024 | 1-13 | https://doi.org/10.53623/idwm.v4i1.375
© 2024 by the author(s), and is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License

Health Risk Assessment of Heavy metals, Physicochemical properties and Microbes in Groundwater near Igando Dumpsite in Lagos, Nigeria

Author(s): Tajudeen Yahaya 1 , Okeke Chidi 2 , Sani Abdulrahman 1 , Esther Oladele 3 , Abdulrakib Abdulrahim 4 , Yunusa Abdulganiyu 5 , Abdulrazaq Izuafa 1
Author(s) information:
1 Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Birnin Kebbi, PMB 1157, Kebbi State, Nigeria
2 Department of Environmental Science and Resources Management, National Open University of Nigeria, Lagos, Nigeria
3 Biology Units, Distance Learning Institute, University of Lagos, Nigeria
4 Department of Microbiology, Federal University Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria
5 Department of Geology, Federal University Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria

Corresponding author

Industrial and Domestic Waste Management

Volume 4 - Issue 1 - 2024

 About the journal
Submit your article

The most common and cost-effective waste disposal method is the dumpsite; however, leachate from dumpsites may percolate and compromise groundwater sources. This study evaluated the levels of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, chromium, copper, and arsenic), physicochemical parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, hardness, calcium, magnesium, and chloride), and microorganisms in borehole water samples obtained at distances of 50, 100, 200, and 400 meters from the Igando dumpsite in Lagos, Nigeria. The health hazards associated with the heavy metals were also calculated. Physicochemical analysis indicated that the water samples were acidic, with pH values ranging from 4.30±0.01 to 5.21±0.008. They contained levels of calcium (166.73±0.01 - 328.66±0.06 mg/l), magnesium (83.72±0.02 - 119.40±0.17 mg/l), hardness (416.01±0.11 mg/l - 820.00±1.63 mg/l), and chloride (20.07±0.02 - 120.90±0.81 mg/l) that exceeded the limits set by the World Health Organization. Heavy metal analysis showed that, in all locations, lead exceeded the permissible limits, cadmium exceeded the limits except for the 400-m location, and copper, chromium, and arsenic (except for the 50-m location) were within permissible limits. The average daily intake and hazard quotient of the heavy metals were both within recommended limits, but the carcinogenic risks of lead, cadmium, and copper in water collected at a distance of ≤100m exceeded the threshold. Microbiological examinations revealed non-permissible levels of bacteria at all locations, coliforms at the 400-m location, and fungi at the 50-m and 400-m locations. On average, the parameters significantly (p<0.05) increased in concentrations as the proximity to the dumpsite decreased. These findings indicate that borehole water is not suitable for drinking without treatment.

Read Full-Text
Previous article
Next article

Abdel-Shafy, H.I.; Mansour, M.S.M. (2018). Solid waste issue: Sources, composition, disposal, recycling, and valorization. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 27(4), 1275-1290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2018.07.003.

The World Bank. Solid Waste Management. (accessed on March 16, 2022) Available online: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/brief/solid-waste-management

Waste and human health: evidence and needs. (accessed on March 18, 2022) Available online: https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/317226/Waste-human-health-Evidence-needs-mtg-report.pdf.

Krystosik, A.; Njoroge, G.; Odhiambo, L.; Forsyth, J.E.; Mutuku, F.; LaBeaud, A.D. (2020). Solid Wastes Provide Breeding Sites, Burrows, and Food for Biological Disease Vectors, and Urban Zoonotic Reservoirs: A Call to Action for Solutions-Based Research. Frontier in Public Health, 7, 405. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00405.

Addo, H.O.; Dun-Dery, E.J.; Afoakwa, E. (2017). Correlates of domestic waste management and related health outcomes in Sunyani, Ghana: a protocol towards enhancing policy. BMC Public Health, 17, 615. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4537-8.

Ferronato, N.; Torretta, V. (2019). Waste Mismanagement in Developing Countries: A Review of Global Issues. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(6), 1060. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph16061060.

Igboama, W.N.; Hammed, O.S.; Fatoba, J.O. (2021). Review article on impact of groundwater contamination due to dumpsites using geophysical and physiochemical methods. Applied Water Science, 12, 130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-022-01653-z.

IDR Environmental Services. How Does Leachate Contaminate Our Water Supply? (accessed on March 16, 2022) Available online: https://blog.idrenvironmental.com/how-does-leachate-contaminate-our-water-supply.

Parvin, F.; Tareq, S.M. (2021). Impact of landfill leachate contamination on surface and groundwater of Bangladesh: a systematic review and possible public health risks assessment. Applied Water Science, 11, 100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-021-01431-3.

Akmal, T.; Jamil, F. (2021). Assessing Health Damages from Improper Disposal of Solid Waste in Metropolitan Islamabad–Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Sustainability, 13, 2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052717.

Aliu, I.R. (2021). Socio-Environmental, Residential and Health Effects of Waste Dumpsites in Igando Alimoso area of Lagos, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management, 25(6), 977-984. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v25i6.12.

Fagbohun, I.K.; Idowu, E.T.; Otubanjo, O.A.; Awolola, T.S. (2020). Susceptibility Status of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to Malathion in Lagos, Nigeria. Animal Research International, 17(1), 3541-3549.

Naveen, B.P.; Sumalatha, J.; Malik, R.K. (2018). A study on contamination of ground and surface water bodies by leachate leakage from a landfill in Bangalore, India. Geo-Engineering, 9, 27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40703-018-0095-x.

American Public Health Association. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 23rd Edition. (accessed on March 16, 2022) Available online: https://www.wef.org/resources/publications/books/StandardMethods/.

United States Environmental Protection Agency. Regional Screening Level Regional Screening Levels (RSLs) - Generic Tables. (accessed on March 18, 2022) Available online: https://www.epa.gov/risk/regional-screening-levels-rsls-generic-tables.

Amano, K.O.A.; Danso-Boateng, E.; Adom, E.; Nkansah, D.K.; Amoamah, E.S.; Appiah-Danquah, E. (2021). Effect of waste landfill site on surface and ground water drinking quality. Water and Environment Journal, 35, 715–729. https://doi.org/10.1111/wej.12664.

Szymańska-Pulikowska, A. (2008). Calcium and magnesium in underground waters around a communal waste dump. Journal of Elementology, 13(3), 391-399.

Ahn, M.K.; Chilakala, R.; Han, C.; Thenepalli, T. (2018). Removal of Hardness from Water Samples by a Carbonation Process with a Closed Pressure Reactor. Water, 10, 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10010054.

Yahaya, T.; Ologe, O.; Yaro, C.; Abdullahi, L.; Abubakar, H.; Gazal, A.; Abubakar, J. (2022). Quality and Safety Assessment of Water Samples Collected from Wells in Four Emirate Zones of Kebbi State, Nigeria. Iranian (Iranica) Journal of Energy and Environment, 13(1), 79-86. https://doi.org/10.5829/ijee.2022.13.01.09.

MFMER (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (accessed on March 17, 2022) Available online: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypercalcemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355523#.

Al-Alawi, A.M.; Majoni, S.W.; Falhammar, H. (2018). Magnesium and Human Health: Perspectives and Research Directions. International Journal of Endocrinology, 9041694. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9041694.

Kończak, B.; Janson, E. (2021). Risk analysis for groundwater intake in an old mining shaft with increased chloride content, Upper Silesia, Southern Poland. Journal of Water and Health, 19(2), 288–305. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2021.144.

Osibanjo, O.; Adeyi, A.A.; Majolagbe, A.O. (2016). Characterization of groundwater quality around Soluos dumpsite in Lagos, Nigeria. International Journal of Water, 11(1), 44-58. https://www.inderscienceonline.com/doi/abs/10.1504/IJW.2017.081110.

Yahaya, T.; Abdulganiyu, Y.; Salisu, F.; Abdulazeez, A.; Izuafa, A.; Sanni, S. et al. (2022). Characterization and risk evaluation of water samples collected from boreholes situated around a dumpsite in Obalende, Lagos, Nigeria. Ruhuna Journal of Science, 13(1), 41-51. https://doi.org/10.4038/rjs.v13i1.114.

Oluseyi, T.; Adetunde, O.; Amadi, E. (2014). Impact Assessment of Dumpsites on Quality of Near-By Soil and Underground Water: A Case Study of an Abandoned and a Functional Dumpsite in Lagos, Nigeria. International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, 3(3), 1004-1015. https://www.ijset.net/journal/333.pdf.

Ameloko, A.A.; Ayolabi, E.A. (2018). Geophysical assessment for vertical leachate migration profile and physicochemical study of groundwater around the Olusosun dumpsite Lagos, south-west Nigeria. Applied Water Science, 8, 142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-018-0775-x.

Siddiqua, A.; Hahladakis, J.N.; Al-Attiya, W.A.K.A. (2022). An overview of the environmental pollution and health effects associated with waste landfilling and open dumping. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 58514–58536. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21578-z.

Njoku, P. O.; Edokpayi, J. N.; Odiyo, J. O. (2019). Health and Environmental Risks of Residents Living Close to a Landfill: A Case Study of Thohoyandou Landfill, Limpopo Province, South Africa. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(12), 2125. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122125.

Nigerian Industrial Standard (NIS). Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality. (accessed on March 18, 2022) Available online: https://rivwamis.riversstate.gov.ng/assets/files/Nigerian-Standard-for-Drinking-Water-Quality-NIS-554-2015.pdf.

World Health Organization. Guidelines for drinking-water quality. (accessed on March 18, 2022) Available online: https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789241549950.

ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Where is Cadmium Found? (accessed on March 18, 2022) Available online: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/cadmium/Where-Cadmium-Found.html#.

United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Learn about Lead. (accessed on March 18, 2022) Available online: https://www.epa.gov/lead/learn-about-lead#.

Tchounwou, P.B.; Yedjou, C.G.; Patlolla, A.K.; Sutton, D.J. (2012). Heavy metal toxicity and the environment. Experientia Supplementum, 101, 133–164. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_6.

LENNTECH. Chemical properties of copper - Health effects of copper - Environmental effects of copper. (accessed on March 18, 2022) Available online: https://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/cu.htm.

Center for Disease Control. Health Problems Caused by Lead. (accessed on March 18, 2022) Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/lead/health.html#.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Cadmium. (accessed on March 18, 2022) Available online: https://www.osha.gov/cadmium/health-effects#.

World Health Organization. Arsenic. (accessed on March 18, 2022) Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/arsenic#.

Yahaya, T.; Muhammad, A.; Onyeziri, J.; Abdulazeez, A.; Shemshere, U.; Bakare, T. et al. (2022). Health Risks of Ecosystem Services in Ologe Lagoon, Lagos, Southwest, Nigeria. Pollution, 8(2), 681-692. https://doi.org/10.22059/poll.2022.334605.1265.

Taylor, A.A.; Tsuji, J.S.; Garry, M.R. (2020). Critical Review of Exposure and Effects: Implications for Setting Regulatory Health Criteria for Ingested Copper. Environmental Management, 4, 131–159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-019-01234-y.

Kayode, O.T.; Okagbue, H.I.; Achuka, A.J. (2018). Water quality assessment for groundwater around a municipal waste dumpsite. Data Brief, 17, 579-587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.01.072.

Yahaya, T.; Abdulganiyu, Y.; Gulumbe, B.H.; Oladele, E.; Anyebe, D.; Shemishere, U. (2022). Heavy Metals and Microorganisms in Borehole Water Around the Olusosun Dumpsite in Lagos, Nigeria: Occurrence and Health Risk Assessment. Avicenna Journal of Environmental Health Engineering, 9(2), 69-74.http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ajehe.2022.4213.

Aboyeji, O.S.; Eigbokhan, S.F. (2016). Evaluations of groundwater contamination by leachates around Olusosun open dumpsite in Lagos metropolis, southwest Nigeria. Journal of environmental management, 183, 333–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.09.002.

MedlinePlus. Bacterial Infections. (accessed on March 17, 2022) Available online: https://medlineplus.gov/bacterialinfections.html.

World Health Organization. WHO publishes list of bacteria for which new antibiotics are urgently needed. (accessed on March 17, 2022) Available online: https://www.who.int/news/item/27-02-2017-who-publishes-list-of-bacteria-for-which-new-antibiotics-are-urgently-needed.

World Health Organization. E. coli. (accessed on March 17, 2022) Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/e-coli.

Al-Gabr, H.M.; Zheng, T.; Yu, X. (2018). Fungi contamination of drinking water. Review on Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 228, 121-139. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01619-1_6.

Emmanuel-Akerele, H.A.; Peter, F.I. (2021). Microbial and Physico-Chemical Assessment of Soil and Water around Waste Dump Sites in Lagos. International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(1), 37-82.

Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) (accessed on March 17, 2022) Available online: (accessed on March 17, 2022) Available online: https://africacheck.org/sites/default/files/Nigerian-Standard-for-Drinking-Water-Quality-NIS-554-2015.pdf.

Read Full-Text
About this article

SUBMITTED: 10 December 2023
ACCEPTED: 16 January 2024
PUBLISHED: 6 February 2024
SUBMITTED to ACCEPTED: 37 days
DOI: https://doi.org/10.53623/idwm.v4i1.375

Cite this article
Yahaya, T., Chidi, O. ., Abdulrahman, S. ., Oladele, E. ., Abdulrakib Abdulrahim, Abdulganiyu, Y. ., & Izuafa, A. (2024). Health Risk Assessment of Heavy metals, Physicochemical properties and Microbes in Groundwater near Igando Dumpsite in Lagos, Nigeria. Industrial and Domestic Waste Management, 4(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.53623/idwm.v4i1.375
Accessed
527
Citations
0
Share this article