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Article | Civil and Sustainable Urban Engineering | Volume 6 - Issue 1 - 2026 | 130−141 | https://doi.org/10.53623/csue.v6i1.954
© 2026 by the author(s), and is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License

Evolution of Drainage Treatment in Flexible Pavement Design: Evolution of Drainage Treatment in Flexible Pavement Design: A Comparison of Three Generations of Design Methods

Author(s): Y. Djoko Setiyarto ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5545-2609 , Mochamad Wildan Pratama Augustiawan
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Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science, Universitas Komputer Indonesia, Unikom Smart Building, 11th Floor, Jl. Dipatiukur No. 102–116, Kota Bandung, Jawa Barat 40132, Indonesia

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Civil and Sustainable Urban Engineering

Volume 6 - Issue 1 - 2026

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Drainage played a crucial role in flexible pavement performance because moisture accumulation reduced material stiffness, accelerated fatigue cracking, and shortened service life. Along with the evolution of pavement design practice in Indonesia, the concept of drainage shifted from empirical correction toward a mechanistic–empirical system-based design approach. This study examined the evolution of drainage treatment in flexible pavement thickness design by comparing three generations of design methods: the 1993 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) method, the 2017 Indonesian Pavement Design Manual, and the 2024 Indonesian Pavement Design Manual. Quantitative simulations were conducted for the first two methods under three drainage conditions (good, moderate, and poor) to evaluate the influence of drainage on pavement thickness. The 2024 manual was analyzed conceptually because it no longer applied numerical drainage correction but instead emphasized physical drainage system design. The results showed that deterioration of drainage quality from good to poor increased total pavement thickness by approximately 43.2% in the 1993 method and 43.75% in the 2017 manual. In contrast, the 2024 manual did not apply numerical thickness correction, as drainage effects were addressed through permeable layers and subsurface drainage systems. This study demonstrated a paradigm shift from empirical corrective design toward preventive mechanistic–empirical drainage design and discussed its relevance to international pavement engineering practice in moisture-sensitive and tropical environments.

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SUBMITTED: 07 December 2025
ACCEPTED: 18 February 2026
PUBLISHED: 25 February 2026
SUBMITTED to ACCEPTED: 73 days
DOI: https://doi.org/10.53623/csue.v6i1.954

Cite this article
Setiyarto, Y. D. ., & Augustiawan, M. W. P. . (2026). Evolution of Drainage Treatment in Flexible Pavement Design: Evolution of Drainage Treatment in Flexible Pavement Design: A Comparison of Three Generations of Design Methods. Civil and Sustainable Urban Engineering, 6(1), 130−141. https://doi.org/10.53623/csue.v6i1.954
Keywords
pavement drainage flexible pavement design AASHTO 1993 MDP 2017 MDP 2024
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