Skip to main content
Article | Civil and Sustainable Urban Engineering | Volume 6 - Issue 1 - 2026 | 35-47 | https://doi.org/10.53623/csue.v6i1.904
© 2026 by the author(s), and is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License

Performance Analysis of Porous Asphalt Incorporating Siwalan Fruit Shell Powder as Sustainable Filler Material

Author(s): Dharma Gusti Ramadhan 1 , Aditya Rizkiardi 1 , Nurani Hartatik 1 , I Gede Agus Punarta 2
Author(s) information:
1 Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya, Jl. Semolowaru No. 45, Menur Pumpungan, Sukolilo District, Surabaya City, East Java 60118, Indonesia
2 Balai Besar Pelaksanaan Jalan Nasional Jatim – Bali, Indonesia

Corresponding author

Civil and Sustainable Urban Engineering

Volume 6 - Issue 1 - 2026

 About the journal
Submit your article

Porous asphalt is an open-graded combination with a lot of air voids that is meant to improve drainage on the surface. Nonetheless, the utilization of organic waste as an alternate filler remains inadequately investigated. This study seeks to assess the Marshall properties of porous asphalt utilizing siwalan (Borassus flabellifer) shell powder as a sustainable filler alternative. The study commenced with preliminary material testing (coarse and fine aggregates, PG 70 asphalt, and filler) in accordance with Bina Marga 2018 specifications, succeeded by laboratory evaluations of Marshall parameters, Asphalt Flow Down (AFD), and Cantabro Loss at asphalt contents of 4%, 4.5%, 5%, 5.5%, and 6%. The results showed that all of the materials met the required specifications. At 4% asphalt concentration, the Marshall stability was at its highest. As the asphalt percentage went up, the VIM and VMA went down, and the VFB went up. AFD results met AAPA (2004) criteria (≤0.3%) only when the asphalt content was 4% or 4.5%. The Cantabro Loss requirements were met when the asphalt content was between 4.5% and 6%. The best amount of asphalt was found to be 4% based on the VIM, AFD, and Cantabro Loss standards. These results indicate that siwalan shell powder is a technically feasible filler material in porous asphalt mixtures and promotes the sustainable utilization of organic waste. It is advisable to do additional research to evaluate the long-term efficacy of the mixture in real-world settings. The study suggests an effective method for encouraging environmentally friendly pavement building through the use of locally sourced waste materials.

Read Full-Text
Previous article
Next article

Xu, L.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Ni, H.; Hu, M.; Sun, D. (2023). Optimization design of rubberized porous asphalt mixture based on noise reduction and pavement performance. Construction and Building Materials, 389, 131551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131551.

Sun, Y.; Zhang, X.; Chen, J.; Liao, J.; Shi, C.; Huang, C. (2024). Mixing design and performance of porous asphalt mixtures containing solid waste. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 21, e03644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e03644.

Wang, J.; Ng, P.-L.; Gong, Y.; Su, H.; Du, J. (2021). Experimental study of low temperature performance of porous asphalt mixture. Applied Sciences, 11, 4029. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11094029.

Lu, Q.; Xin, C.; Alamri, M.; Alharthai, M. (2021). Development of porous asphalt mixture with bio-based epoxy asphalt. Journal of Cleaner Production, 317, 128404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128404

Hu, J.; Ma, T.; Zhu, Y.; Huang, X.; Xu, J.; Chen, L. (2021). High-viscosity modified asphalt mixtures for double-layer porous asphalt pavement: Design optimization and evaluation metrics. Construction and Building Materials, 271, 121893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121893.

Xu, L.; Ni, H.; Zhang, Y.; Sun, D.; Zheng, Y.; Hu, M. (2022). Porous asphalt mixture use asphalt rubber binders: Preparation and noise reduction evaluation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 376, 134119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134119.

Zhang, K.; Liu, Y.; Nassiri, S.; Li, H.; Englund, K. (2021). Performance evaluation of porous asphalt mixture enhanced with high dosages of cured carbon fiber composite materials. Construction and Building Materials, 274, 122066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.122066.

Çetin, A.; Oral, G. (2022). Performance evaluation of porous asphalt mixtures modified with basalt fiber. Revista de la Construcción, 21(1), 93–104. https://doi.org/10.7764/rdlc.21.1.93.

Slebi-Acevedo, C.J.; Lastra-González, P.; Indacoechea-Vega, I.; Castro-Fresno, D. (2020). Laboratory assessment of porous asphalt mixtures reinforced with synthetic fibers. Construction and Building Materials, 234, 117224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117224.

Zhang, H.; Li, H.; Abdelhady, A.; Xie, N.; Yang, B.; Li, W.; Liu, J.; Liang, X.; Liu, J. (2020). Fine solid wastes as a resource-conserving filler and their influence on the performance of asphalt materials. Journal of Cleaner Production, 252, 119929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119929.

Russo, F.; Veropalumbo, R.; Pontoni, L.; Oreto, C.; Biancardo, S.A.; Viscione, N.; Pirozzi, F.; Race, M. (2022). Sustainable asphalt mastics made up recycling waste as filler. Journal of Environmental Management, 301, 113826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113826.

Jwaida, Z.; Al Quraishy, Q.A.; Almuhanna, R.R.A.; Dulaimi, A.; Bernardo, L.F.A.; Andrade, J.M.d.A. (2024). The use of waste fillers in asphalt mixtures: A comprehensive review. CivilEng, 5, 801–826. https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng5040042.

Guo, Z.; Chen, Z. (2022). Utilization of construction waste recycled powder as filler in asphalt concrete. Materials, 15, 5742. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15165742.

Lin, J.; Guo, Z.; Hong, B.; Xu, J.; Fan, Z.; Lu, G.; Wang, D.; Oeser, M. (2022). Using recycled waste glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) as filler to improve the performance of asphalt mastics. Journal of Cleaner Production, 336, 130357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130357.

Li, F.; Zhao, X.; Zhang, X. (2023). Utilizing original and activated coal gangue wastes as alternative mineral fillers in asphalt binder: Perspectives of rheological properties and asphalt-filler interaction ability. Construction and Building Materials, 365, 130069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.130069.

Wang, W.; Cheng, Y.; Tan, G.; Shi, C. (2018). Pavement performance evaluation of asphalt mixtures containing oil shale waste. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 21(1), 179–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2018.1483260.

Babalghaith, A.M.; Koting, S.; Sulong, N.H.R.; et al. (2022). A systematic review of the utilization of waste materials as aggregate replacement in stone matrix asphalt mixes. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 35557–35582. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19447-w.

Dimulescu, C.; Burlacu, A. (2021). Industrial waste materials as alternative fillers in asphalt mixtures. Sustainability, 13, 8068. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13148068.

Yaro, N.S.A.; Sutanto, M.H.; Baloo, L.; Habib, N.Z.; Usman, A.; Yousafzai, A.K.; Ahmad, A.; Birniwa, A.H.; Jagaba, A.H.; Noor, A. (2023). A comprehensive overview of the utilization of recycled waste materials and technologies in asphalt pavements: Towards environmental and sustainable low-carbon roads. Processes, 11, 2095. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11072095.

Abdullah, M.; Nuraini, U.; Hamid, A.; Taufiqqurrachman, T.; Santiko, A.B. (2025). Effect of carbon from siwalan shell as a microwave absorbing material at X-Band frequency. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2945, 012038. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2945/1/012038.

Siswanto, D.C.; Ramadani, A.L.R.; Saputra, B.A.; Putri, F.A.; Maharani, M.K.P. (2024). Formulation and evaluation of bioactive composite hydrogel nanochitosan from siwalan fruit peel against Enterococcus faecalis. Pharmaceutical Journal Indonesia, 10(1), Article 9. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.pji.2024.010.01.9.

Hasan, M.; Al Biruni, M.; Afia, A.; et al. (2022). Utilization of sludge from water treatment plant as a filler material in pavements. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 24, 2656–2668. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-022-01505-7.

Islam, S.S.; Ransinchung, G.D.R.N.; Choudhary, J. (2021). Sustainable utilization of waste jarosite as alternative filler in asphalt mixes. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 33(11), Article 04021087. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003938.

Choudhary, J.; Kumar, B.; Gupta, A. (2020). Feasible utilization of waste limestone sludge as filler in bituminous concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 239, 117781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117781.

Gedik, A. (2020). A review on the evaluation of the potential utilization of construction and demolition waste in hot mix asphalt pavements. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 161, 104956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104956.

Qian, Z.; Ren, H.; Wei, Y. (2021). Effect of aggregate gradation and morphology on porous asphalt mixture performance. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 33(5), Article 04021087. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003655.

Wu, J.; Wang, Y.; Liu, Q.; Wang, Y.; Ago, C.; Oeser, M. (2020). Investigation on mechanical performance of porous asphalt mixtures treated with laboratory aging and moisture actions. Construction and Building Materials, 238, 117694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117694.

Dan, H.-C.; Wang, Z.; Cao, W.; Liu, J. (2021). Fatigue characterization of porous asphalt mixture complicated with moisture damage. Construction and Building Materials, 303, 124525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124525.

Hammes, G.; Thives, L.P. (2023). Porous asphalt mixture with improved fatigue resistance and stormwater pollutant reduction in urban road pavement. Water, 15, 2962. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15162962.

Choudhary, J.; Kumar, B.; Gupta, A. (2021). Potential utilization of construction wastes in asphalt pavements as fillers using ranking framework. Construction and Building Materials, 277, 122262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122262.

Joumblat, R.; Kassem, H.; Elkordi, A.; Khatib, J. (2024). Use of alternative recycled fillers in bituminous mixtures: A review. In Advance Upcycling of By-Products in Binder and Binder-Based. Woodhead Publishing: Sawston, United Kingdom. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90791-0.00007-X.

Yang, B.; Leng, Z.; Jiang, J.; He, Z.; Li, D. (2022). Recovery efficiency of the damaged porous asphalt mixture with emulsion-based surface treatment: Material optimization and performance verification. Construction and Building Materials, 347, 128530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.128530.

Elmagarhe, A.; Lu, Q.; Alharthai, M.; Alamri, M.; Elnihum, A. (2022). Performance of porous asphalt mixtures containing recycled concrete aggregate and fly ash. Materials, 15, 6363. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15186363.

Tian, Y.; Sun, L.; Li, H.; Zhang, H.; Harvey, J.; Yang, B.; Zhu, Y.; Yu, B.; Fu, K. (2021). Laboratory investigation on effects of solid waste filler on mechanical properties of porous asphalt mixture. Construction and Building Materials, 279, 122436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122436.

Mondal, A.; Ransinchung, G.D.R.N.; Choudhary, J. (2023). Sustainable recycling of industrial waste fillers and reclaimed asphalt pavement to produce environmentally feasible warm mix asphalt. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 8, 34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-022-01006-4.

Read Full-Text
About this article

SUBMITTED: 18 November 2025
ACCEPTED: 02 February 2026
PUBLISHED: 5 February 2026
SUBMITTED to ACCEPTED: 77 days
DOI: https://doi.org/10.53623/csue.v6i1.904

Cite this article
Ramadhan, D. G. ., Rizkiardi, A. ., Hartatik, N. ., & Punarta, I. G. A. . (2026). Performance Analysis of Porous Asphalt Incorporating Siwalan Fruit Shell Powder as Sustainable Filler Material. Civil and Sustainable Urban Engineering, 6(1), 35–47. https://doi.org/10.53623/csue.v6i1.904
Keywords
Porous asphalt siwalan shell powder sustainable filler optimum asphalt content Marshall stability
Citations
0
Share this article