Skip to main content
Article | Industrial and Domestic Waste Management | Volume 6 - Issue 1 - 2026 | 217−226 | https://doi.org/10.53623/idwm.v6i1.1260
© 2026 by the author(s), and is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License

Environmentally Friendly Extraction of Salam Leaves Using the Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant Potential

Author(s): Panji Setya Amitra , Alimuddin , Anton Irawan ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1924-4318
Author(s) information:
Department of Environmental Studies, Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, Serang, Banten 42435, Indonesia

Corresponding author

Industrial and Domestic Waste Management

Volume 6 - Issue 1 - 2026

 About the journal
Submit your article

Salam leaves (Syzygium polyanthum) have been found to contain phenolic compounds that exhibit significant antioxidant potential. The objective of this study was to ascertain the impact of varying methanol-water solvent ratios on the extraction yield, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity of salam leaf extract through the utilization of the UAE method. The extraction process was executed using methanol–water solvent ratios of 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, and 5:5 (v/v). The total phenolic content was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu method. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay based on IC50 values. The findings indicated that the extraction yield reached its zenith at a 9:1 ratio (12.4%) and attained its nadir at a 5:5 ratio (2.7%). TPC increased with higher water content, reaching a maximum of 12.264 ± 0.114 mg GAE/g extract at a 5:5 ratio. The strongest antioxidant activity was observed at 9:1 (IC50 = 47.109 ± 0.457 ppm), while the weakest was at 5:5 (IC50 = 74.300 ± 0.945 ppm). The findings demonstrate that UAE in combination with the optimisation of methanol:water solvent enables the extraction of phenolics and antioxidant activity to be tuned. The optimized UAE conditions offer a green, efficient, and practical approach for producing antioxidant-rich extracts from S. polyanthum, with potential applications in the food, nutraceutical, and natural product industries.

Read Full-Text
Previous article
Next article

Pratama, B.P.; Pranoto, Y.; Swasono, R.T. (2022). Effect of Drying Time and Temperature to the Chemical Properties and Enzymatic Activities Related to the β-ocimene Production in Syzygium polyanthum Leaves. Trends in Sciences, 19, 1526. https://doi.org/10.48048/tis.2022.1526.

Anuar, T.A.F.T.; Ismail, A.; Mohamed, I.F.; Azzar, A.; Hamid, A.; Hafiz, M.; Nor, M. (2021). LCMS dataset on compounds in Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp. leaves variant from the East coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Data in Brief, 39, 107485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2021.107485.

Ana, M.; Dewi, N.; Batubara, I.; Fardiaz, D. (2022). α-glucosidase inhibitors from Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp leaves as revealed by metabolomics and in silico approaches. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 282, 114618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.114618.

Adiguna, S.P.; Panggabean, J.A.; Swasono, R.T.; Rahmawati, S.I.; Izzati, F.; Bayu, A.; Putra, M.Y.; Formisano, C.; Giuseppina, C. (2023). Evaluations of Andrographolide-Rich Fractions of Andrographis paniculata with Enhanced Potential Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antihypertensive, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities. Plants, 12, 1220. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12061220.

Liu, L.; Chen, J.; Chang, X.; Qin, J.; Lai, H.; Zhang, X. (2023). Phytochemical profiles and bioactivities of Parnassia palustris L. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 57, 102207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2022.102207.

Musa, W.J.A.; Bialangi, N.; Kilo, A.K.; Situmeang, B.; Susparini, N.T.; Rusydi, I.D. (2023). Antioxidant, cholesterol lowering activity, and analysis of Caesalpinia bonducella seeds extract. Pharmacia, 70, 97‒103. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.70.e96817.

Kim, S.Y. (2023). The Antioxidant and Anti-Complementary Activities of Crude Polysaccharides from Trifoliate Orange (Poncirus trifoliate) Seeds. Preventive Nutrition and Food Science, 28, 321‒327. https://doi.org/10.3746/pnf.2023.28.3.321.

Somwongin, S.; Sirilun, S.; Chantawannakul, P.; Anuchapreeda, S.; Yawootti, A.; Chaiyana, W. (2023). Ultrasound-assisted green extraction methods: An approach for cosmeceutical compounds isolation from Macadamia integrifolia pericarp. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 92, 106266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106266.

Chemat, F.; Vian, M.A.; Cravotto, G. (2012). Green extraction of natural products: Concept and principles. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 13, 8615‒8627. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13078615.

Chemat, F.; Abert-Vian, M.; Fabiano-Tixier, A.S.; Strube, J.; Uhlenbrock, L.; Gunjevic, V.; Cravotto, G. (2019). Green extraction of natural products. Origins, current status, and future challenges. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 118, 248‒263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2019.05.037.

He, X.; Yang, J.; Huang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Wan, H.; Li, C. (2020). Green and Efficient Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Components from Salvia miltiorrhiza by Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents. Molecules, 25, 140. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25010140.

Chemat, F.; Rombaut, N.; Sicaire, A.G.; Meullemiestre, A.; Fabiano-Tixier, A.S.; Abert-Vian, M. (2017). Ultrasound assisted extraction of food and natural products. Mechanisms, techniques, combinations, protocols and applications. A review. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 34, 540‒560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.06.035.

Gullón, B.; Lú-Chau, T.A.; Moreira, M.T.; Lema, J.M.; Eibes, G. (2017). Rutin: A review on extraction, identification and purification methods, biological activities and approaches to enhance its bioavailability. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 67, 220‒235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2017.07.008.

Marliani, N.; Artika, I.M.; Nurcholis, W. (2022). Optimization Extraction for Total Phenolic, Flavonoid Contents, and Antioxidant Activity with Different Solvents and UPLC-MS/MS Metabolite Profiling of Justicia gendarussa Burm.f. Chiang Mai University Journal of Natural Sciences, 21, 1‒14. https://doi.org/10.12982/CMUJNS.2022.046.

Sahidin, I.; Nohong, N.; Manggau, M.A.; Arfan; Wahyuni; Meylani, I.; Malaka, M.H.; Rahmatika, N.S.; Yodha, A.W.M.; Masrik, N.U.E.; Kamaluddin, A.; Sundowo, A.; Fajriah, S.; Asasutjarit, R.; Fristiohady, A.; Maryanti, R.; Rahayu, N.I.; Muktiarni, M. (2023). Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activities of Ethylacetate Extract of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Stems: In-Vitro and In-Silico Studies with Bibliometric Analysis. Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology, 8, 217‒242. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v8i2.54822.

Roubi, M.; Elbouzidi, A.; Dalli, M.; Azizi, S. eddine; Aherkou, M.; Taibi, M.; El Guerrouj, B.; Addi, M.; Gseyra, N. (2023). Phytochemical, antioxidant, and anticancer assessments of Atriplex halimus extracts: In silico and in vitro studies. Scientific African, 22, e01959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e01959.

Situmeang, B.; Musa, W.J.A.; Bialangi, N. (2025). Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties of Methanol Extract of Gletang Flower (Tridax procumbens). Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry, 14, 1085‒1090. https://doi.org/10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1085-1090.

Hewavitharana, G.G.; Perera, D.N.; Navaratne, S.B.; Wickramasinghe, I. (2020). Extraction methods of fat from food samples and preparation of fatty acid methyl esters for gas chromatography: A review. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 13, 6865‒6875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.06.039.

Gündüz, M.; Çiçek, Ş.K.; Topuz, S. (2023). Extraction and optimization of phenolic compounds from butterbur plant (Petasites hybridus) by ultrasound-assisted extraction and determination of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of butterbur extracts. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2023.100491.

Immaculate, A.A.; Vimala, J.R.; Takuwa, D.T. (2022). Isolation and Characterisation of Flavonoids (Rutin) from the Roots of Cadaba aphylla (Thunb) and Adenia glauca of Potential in Anti-Oxidant activity. Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 38, 1404‒1413. https://doi.org/10.13005/ojc/380610.

Andriana, Y.; Xuan, T.D.; Quy, T.N.; Minh, T.N.; Van, T.M.; Viet, T.D. (2019). Antihyperuricemia, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activities of Tridax procumbens L. Foods, 8, 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8010021.

Situmeang, B.; Primawati, J.S.; Oktafiani, I.; Musa, W.J.A.; Kilo, A.K. (2025). Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Potential of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Gandaria Stem Bark (Bouea macrophylla) Against MCF-7 Cell Line. Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry, 14, 345‒349. https://doi.org/10.14421/biomedich.2025.141.345-349.

Chaima, B.; Boutlelis, D.A.; Touhami, L.A.; Hajer, T.; Ali, T. (2023). In vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and photoprotective activities of aqueous extract of the endemic plant Hammada scoparia L. from Algeria. Karbala International Journal of Modern Science, 9, 544‒552. https://doi.org/10.33640/2405-609X.3310.

Read Full-Text
About this article

SUBMITTED: 15 June 2026
ACCEPTED: 29 June 2026
PUBLISHED: 29 June 2026
SUBMITTED to ACCEPTED: 14 days
DOI: https://doi.org/10.53623/idwm.v6i1.1260

Cite this article
Amitra, P. S. ., Alimuddin, & Irawan, A. . (2026). Environmentally Friendly Extraction of Salam Leaves Using the Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant Potential. Industrial and Domestic Waste Management, 6(1), 217−226. https://doi.org/10.53623/idwm.v6i1.1260
Citations
0
Share this article