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Article | Civil and Sustainable Urban Engineering | Volume 6 - Issue 2 - 2026 | 376–393 | https://doi.org/10.53623/csue.v6i2.1434
© 2026 by the author(s), and is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License

Integrated Piezocone and Standard Penetration Testing for Geotechnical Site Characterization in Tangerang, Indonesia

Author(s): Asriwiyanti Desiani , Daud Rahmat Wiyono ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9130-6149 , Adrian Pramono
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Civil Engineering Program, Faculty of Intelligent Technology and Engineering, Universitas Kristen Maranatha, Bandung, West Java 40164, Indonesia

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Civil and Sustainable Urban Engineering

Volume 6 - Issue 2 - 2026

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Groundwater conditions, and the mechanical behavior of soil layers. This study evaluates the complementary application of piezocone penetration testing (CPTu) and standard penetration testing (SPT) to characterize subsurface conditions at a site in Kampung Sawah, BSD–Tangerang, Indonesia. The investigation included two CPTu soundings, CPTu-01 and CPTu-02, reaching depths of 5.58 m and 5.28 m, respectively, and three boreholes, BH-01, BH-02, and BH-03, extending to depths of 29.50 m, 29.50 m, and 33.50 m, respectively. The borehole records revealed heterogeneous subsurface strata consisting of silty clay, clayey silt, sand, gravelly sand, weathered sandstone, and siltstone. Groundwater levels were recorded at depths of 3.50 m, 1.50 m, and 4.70 m below ground level in BH-01, BH-02, and BH-03, respectively. SPT values varied with depth and soil type, with relatively high values observed in several sandy and weathered rock intervals. A preliminary correlation between CPTu and SPT results was established using data from CPTu-01 and BH-02, yielding a coefficient of determination of R2 = 0.8075. However, the shallow CPTu penetration depths and the absence of a complete depth-matched dataset limit the reliability and broader applicability of this correlation. Consistent with limitations reported in previous CPT-based soil classification and correlation studies, these findings highlight the importance of integrating multiple geotechnical investigation methods while accounting for uncertainties associated with empirical correlations and spatial variability. Overall, this study provides site-specific insights into subsurface conditions and establishes a preliminary basis for further geotechnical investigations and foundation design assessments.

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SUBMITTED: 22 September 2026
ACCEPTED: 19 October 2026
PUBLISHED: 25 October 2026
SUBMITTED to ACCEPTED: 27 days
DOI: https://doi.org/10.53623/csue.v6i2.1434

Cite this article
Desiani, A. ., Wiyono, D. R., & Pramono, A. . (2026). Integrated Piezocone and Standard Penetration Testing for Geotechnical Site Characterization in Tangerang, Indonesia. Civil and Sustainable Urban Engineering, 6(2), 376–393. https://doi.org/10.53623/csue.v6i2.1434
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