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Review | Emerging Perspective in Social and Politics | Volume 1 - Issue 1 - 2026 | 57−71 |
© 2026 by the author(s), and is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License

Migration, Urbanization, and Social Inequality: A Global Review of Drivers, Patterns, and Socioeconomic Impacts

Author(s): Rina Sari Putri 1 , Ahmad Fauzi 2
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1 Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Palangka Raya, Palangka Raya, Indonesia
2 Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia

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Emerging Perspective in Social and Politics

Volume 1 - Issue 1 - 2026

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Migration and urbanization are among the most significant demographic processes shaping modern cities. Rapid population movements from rural areas to urban centers have contributed to economic growth, labor market expansion, and urban development across many regions of the world. However, these processes also present major challenges, particularly in relation to social inequality and uneven access to urban resources. This review examines the complex relationship between migration, urbanization, and social inequality in urban environments. The study synthesizes existing literature to explore the main drivers of migration, including economic opportunities, social and demographic factors, environmental changes, and political conditions. It further analyzes how migration contributes to urban transformation through labor market participation, entrepreneurial activities, and cultural diversification. At the same time, the review highlights key challenges associated with migration-driven urbanization, such as income disparities, spatial segregation, limited access to housing and public services, and the vulnerability of migrant populations. Particular attention is given to the experiences of women, youth, and undocumented migrants who often face heightened social and economic disadvantages in cities. The findings emphasize that while migration can support urban economic dynamism, it may also deepen urban inequality when governance and planning systems fail to ensure inclusive development. Effective policy responses must therefore integrate migration management, urban planning, and social protection strategies to promote equitable and sustainable urban development.

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SUBMITTED: 12 March 2026
ACCEPTED: 12 April 2026
PUBLISHED: 14 April 2026
SUBMITTED to ACCEPTED: 32 days

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