This paper explored how digital transformation and the use of blockchain technology influenced supply chain transparency in pharmaceutical companies operating in emerging Chinese markets. The study incorporated the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), which facilitated the identification of key aspects such as perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, attitude, and behavioral intention, along with the mediating variable of self-efficacy. Based on these elements, a conceptual framework was developed, which further aided understanding of the hypothesised relationships examined in the study. Accordingly, a quantitative research design was implemented using a primary data collection method. In the Shanghai pharmaceutical industry, data were collected from a sample of 400 managerial employees. The outcomes of technology integration and transparency were quantitatively examined in relation to one another. The results indicated that blockchain technology and digital transformation enhanced supply chain performance through improved traceability, trust, and efficiency. The study shed further light on the main obstacles to implementation and provided insights for policymakers and industry leaders on improving transparency through advanced digital technologies in China’s expanding pharmaceutical market. The findings confirmed that respondents perceived the synergistic effects of digital transformation and blockchain implementation as having the greatest potential to improve supply chain transparency. Blockchain technology enabled real-time, secure, and distributed immutable ledgers that supported product tracking, counterfeiting prevention, verification of authenticity, and enhanced transparency.