This research assessed the effects of human capital development, financial resource acquisition, and technological capability development on the performance of SMEs in the Saudi Arabian manufacturing sector. In particular, the study examined how these factors affected SME success in terms of human capital development, financial resources, technological innovation, operational efficiency, innovation, and overall competitiveness. For the quantitative analysis, 222 SME owners and managers were surveyed in Saudi Arabia’s primary industrial areas. The study revealed that human capital development positively and significantly influenced SME performance, and that employee training and skill enhancement were strongly correlated with business growth. However, the acquisition of financial resources and the development of technological capabilities, while important, did not show a direct statistically significant effect on SME performance in this study. The findings also highlighted the need to integrate human capital with technological and financial resources to maximize returns on such investments. It is therefore recommended that policymakers emphasize human capital development in SMEs such as vocational training and skills enhancement, and that SME owners adopt a balanced approach to financial resources, technology, and human capital. This research enhanced understanding of the key drivers of SME performance in Saudi Arabia and provided practical insights for policymakers and stakeholders in business and academia aimed at strengthening the sustainability and global competitiveness of SMEs under the Saudi Vision 2030 economic framework.