Industrial and Domestic Waste Management

Thermal Comfort of the Facade at Colonial House of Soekarno's Exile in Brastagi District

2026-09-29T02:29:37+00:00

The Exile House of Soekarno in Berastagi District was a colonial-era architectural asset notable for its distinctive structural features and strong adaptation to the local environment. This study examined the relationship between thermal comfort and the colonial architectural façade of Soekarno’s Exile House. A qualitative descriptive-interpretive approach was employed to analyze the visual elements of the façade and their relationship with indoor thermal conditions. Data were collected through photographic documentation, direct observation of building elements, and measurements of indoor air temperature, relative humidity, and air movement. The results showed that the façade of Soekarno’s Exile House was closely associated with the building’s thermal regulation. The building exhibited a distinctive and monumental visual character. The main characteristics of colonial architecture included the use of durable materials, such as specially blended cement and terrazzo flooring, as well as Geveltoppen, acroteria roof elements, a geometrically symmetrical façade, wooden-framed windows, and dormer elements. Classical European decorative features, including pillars and capitals, were combined with local decorative variations found in elements such as the crepidoma and tympanum. Regarding thermal comfort, the building orientation, large louvered (krepyak) windows, high ceilings, and thick walls functioned as passive thermal-control elements that promoted natural air circulation and helped stabilize indoor temperatures in response to Berastagi’s cool mountainous climate. Measurements of air temperature, relative humidity, and air movement were used to evaluate the contribution of these architectural elements to indoor thermal conditions. The findings indicated which building elements played important roles in maintaining indoor comfort and demonstrated how their architectural characteristics contributed to thermal performance. The study concluded that the colonial architecture of Soekarno’s Exile House incorporated façade and building elements that were closely integrated with thermal performance, demonstrating how historical architectural design responded to local climatic conditions while maintaining its distinctive colonial character.

Effect of Papaya and Shrimp Waste Bioactivators on Household Organis Waste Composting

2026-07-06T00:10:38+00:00

This study aims to evaluate the effect of papaya bioactivator (Carica papaya) and shrimp waste bioactivator on the composting process of household organic waste, as well as changes in the levels of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and the C/N ratio. The study was conducted on a laboratory scale with three treatments: R1 (papaya bioactivator), R2 (shrimp waste bioactivator), and R3 (without bioactivator). The parameters observed included pH, temperature, humidity, and color on a daily basis, as well as changes in C, N, C/N ratio, P, and K levels at the beginning and end of the composting process. The results showed that the C/N ratio decreased in all treatments, while the levels of N, P, and K increased. The shrimp waste bioactivator (R2) produced the fastest composting process in 12 days and yielded the best compost quality, with the lowest C/N ratio and the highest increases in N, P, and K levels. Conversely, the treatment without bioactivator showed a slower process, with a final C/N ratio of 33.54, indicating that the compost was not yet mature. Shrimp waste bioactivators have the potential to improve the quality and efficiency of the composting process.

Pollution Constraints on Raw-Water Security in the Air Bengkulu Watershed: Linking Water-Quality Exceedances, Pollutant Loads, and Service Delivery

2026-10-05T00:18:51+00:00

Raw-water security in urban watersheds depends on the interaction among hydrological potential, source-water quality, and the capacity of water-supply systems to deliver reliable services. This study developed a source-to-service diagnostic framework for the Air Bengkulu Watershed, Indonesia, integrating 90% dependable flow (Q90), normative domestic water demand, actual piped-water delivery, regulatory water-quality exceedances, and event-based pollutant transport. The results showed that dependable flow substantially exceeded normative domestic water demand, whereas actual household piped-water delivery accounted for only 38.0% of the estimated demand. This ratio was interpreted as an indicator of service delivery relative to planning requirements rather than a measure of household coverage or total water availability. Across three monitoring campaigns conducted in 2025, downstream water quality consistently exceeded Class II regulatory thresholds for organic pollutants, nutrients, oil and grease, and faecal contamination indicators. Event-based calculations further demonstrated that pollutant transport varied substantially with river discharge, highlighting the limitations of assessing pollution solely through concentration measurements. The main novelty of this study lies in integrating hydrological potential, pollutant loads, flow-dependent transport, and actual water-service delivery within a unified source-to-service assessment framework. The findings emphasize the importance of risk-based pollution control, flow-synchronized water-quality monitoring, improved intake management, and treatment preparedness. The proposed framework supports more informed water-resource management without assuming that all dependable river flow is directly available for abstraction, treatment, or household distribution.

Textile Waste Reduction through Zero-Waste Cutting Subtraction Techniques: A Fit-to-Body Couture Approach for Sustainable Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises in Indonesia

2026-09-29T02:29:01+00:00

The production of custom-made couture by Indonesian fashion MSMEs generated significant textile waste because fit-to-body construction required patterns that precisely followed the contours of the body, while conventional cutting techniques did not efficiently accommodate this requirement. Existing zero-waste and subtraction cutting techniques had primarily been applied to loose-fitting and ready-to-wear silhouettes, with limited application to fit-to-body couture. This study developed and validated a modified subtraction cutting technique designed to produce fit-to-body couture dresses while maintaining fabric waste below 5%. An exploratory experimental method was employed using a Research through Design (RtD) approach and iterative prototyping. The research process included baseline waste assessment, pattern engineering, controlled comparative testing against conventional patterns using identical amounts of fabric, and aesthetic and fit validation by an expert panel. The results showed that the selected subtraction cutting prototype successfully reduced fabric waste from 7.64% for the conventional baseline to 4.65%, representing a relative reduction of 39.14%. The prototype also achieved a “Good” rating (74.4%) in expert validation based on aesthetic and fit-to-body criteria. The final garments were subsequently produced using patchwork materials obtained from partner MSMEs, demonstrating the practical potential for utilizing textile waste. Expert feedback identified improvement of the drapery as the primary priority for final design refinement. Overall, this study demonstrated an applicable pattern-engineering approach and provided empirical evidence that fit-to-body couture could be aligned with textile waste reduction objectives in sustainable fashion production.

Technical Capacity Gap against Regional Waste Strategy Targets in Musi Rawas Regency, Indonesia

2026-09-29T02:29:35+00:00

Waste management at the regency level is determined not only by the availability of regulations and infrastructure but also by the alignment among waste generation, transport capacity, processing capacity, and policy targets. This study evaluated the technical capacity gap in the waste management system of Musi Rawas Regency against the 2025 Regional Waste Management Policy and Strategy (Jakstrada) targets using a quantitative evaluative approach based on secondary data. Population data for 2020–2025 were used to estimate waste generation through sensitivity analysis using coefficients of 0.30, 0.35, and 0.40 kg/capita/day. The estimates were then compared with the vehicle fleet inventory, daily collection trips, 3R Waste Processing Facilities (TPS 3R), human resources, service routes, and the Jakstrada targets of 30% waste reduction and 70% waste handling. The population increased from 395,570 in 2020 to 415,744 in 2025. Under the moderate scenario, waste generation in 2025 was estimated at 145.51 t/day. The nominal capacity of seven active dump trucks completing a total of eight trips per day was 40 t/day, equivalent to 27.49% of the estimated waste generation and only 39.27% of the capacity required to meet the 70% handling target. This resulted in a nominal capacity gap of 61.86 t/day. Three of the four TPS 3R units were active, but their recorded throughput was only approximately 0.79 t/day, compared with an active design capacity of 4 t/day. The results indicated that regulatory readiness had not yet been fully supported by adequate technical capacity and facility utilization. Based on the identified gaps, the most appropriate policy measures included strengthening tonnage-based operational records, optimizing collection routes and trip frequencies, revitalizing TPS 3R facilities, integrating waste banks into the waste management system, expanding decentralized organic waste treatment, and upgrading final disposal standards.

Nature-Based Green Infrastructure for Climate-Resilient Coastal Tourism: Strategic Priorities for Small Island Destinations in the Anambas Islands, Indonesia

2026-09-09T15:01:43+00:00

Small-island destinations faced disproportionate climate risks from sea-level rise, coral bleaching, and coastal erosion, which threatened the ecosystems that sustained their tourism economies. Nature-Based Green Infrastructure (NBGI) was increasingly promoted as an ecosystem-based adaptation strategy; however, empirical evidence on the prioritization of NBGI interventions for coastal tourism remained limited, particularly in small-island destinations in developing countries. This study identified and prioritized NBGI strategies to strengthen climate resilience and support sustainable tourism development in the Anambas Islands, Indonesia. A sequential mixed-methods design integrated Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis with the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Primary data were collected from a purposively selected panel of experts representing government agencies, tourism operators, local communities, academia, and environmental practitioners (n = 15; distribution and years of experience to be confirmed), complemented by secondary data obtained from spatial planning documents and environmental reports. Twenty-one strategic factors were identified across the four SWOT dimensions, comprising five strengths, five weaknesses, five opportunities, and six threats. AHP prioritization ranked Strength (0.372) and Opportunity (0.304) above Weakness (0.198) and Threat (0.196) and identified the Strength–Opportunity (SO) strategy as the leading strategic orientation (0.432). Five priority interventions were subsequently identified: mangrove restoration, coral reef rehabilitation, living shorelines, green coastal drainage, and community-based ecotourism. The integrated SWOT–AHP framework provided a transparent and reproducible basis for prioritizing nature-based interventions in climate-vulnerable small-island tourism destinations. Among these interventions, green coastal drainage and mangrove/living-shoreline buffers also functioned as nature-based infrastructure for managing runoff, intercepting pollutants, and reducing the transfer of land-based waste into coastal waters. These findings positioned ecosystem conservation not only as an environmental intervention but also as a component of integrated coastal waste management and a strategic investment in the long-term sustainability of island tourism.

Applications of Lean Manufacturing to Reduce Waste in the Crumb Rubber Industry

2026-09-29T02:29:00+00:00

This study focused on reducing waste in rubber powder production using Lean Manufacturing tools and improving process cycle efficiency. A quantitative case study was conducted at PT Perkebunan Nusantara IV Region 1, Gunung Para Plantation, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Waste was identified using the types-of-waste framework and ranked according to its impact on the production process. The selection of appropriate Lean tools was guided by Value Stream Mapping (VSM). The process was analyzed using Current Value Stream Mapping (CVSM), fishbone diagrams, and Future Value Stream Mapping (FVSM). The primary objective was to identify and reduce waste in the crumb rubber production process. The major types of waste identified were waiting time, excess inventory, product defects, and overprocessing. Based on the value stream analysis, several improvement strategies were proposed. The initial process cycle efficiency was 96.26%. After the proposed improvements were applied, particularly those aimed at reducing non-value-added time in the future value stream, process cycle efficiency increased by 1.82 percentage points to 98.08%. In addition, the production lead time decreased from 16,779.32 minutes to 16,467.93 minutes, representing a reduction of 311.39 minutes. The application of Lean Manufacturing and Value Stream Mapping effectively reduced production waste and improved the overall efficiency of the crumb rubber production process.

Global Research Trends and Knowledge Structure of Integrated Sustainable Waste Management: Insights from a Decade of Bibliometric Evidence

2026-08-06T06:56:11+00:00

The growing complexity of waste governance has positioned Integrated Sustainable Waste Management (ISWM) as an important research domain within global sustainability studies. Although scholarly attention to ISWM continues to increase, a consolidated understanding of publication trends, disciplinary coverage, country contributions, and thematic structures remains limited. This study conducts a bibliometric analysis of ISWM research indexed in Scopus from 2015 to 2025. A total of 465 documents were retrieved using predefined search criteria. The data were cleaned and harmonized using Bibliomagika and OpenRefine, while VOSviewer was used to visualize bibliometric patterns. The results show that journal articles dominate the dataset, accounting for 55.70% of publications, followed by conference papers (20.22%) and book chapters (12.26%). English is the predominant publication language, representing 98.49% of the dataset, whereas Chinese and Korean each account for 0.43%, and German, Italian, and Persian each represent 0.22%. India records the highest publication output with 298 documents, followed by Indonesia (149) and Italy (98). Environmental Science is the leading subject area, accounting for 64.09% of publications, followed by Engineering (29.46%) and Energy (26.67%), with additional contributions from Social Sciences, Computer Science, Business, Economics, Agriculture, Chemistry, Medicine, and other fields. Keyword analysis identifies Waste Management as the most frequently occurring term (104 documents), followed by Sustainability (55 documents). These findings indicate that ISWM has evolved into an interdisciplinary field, with Environmental Science, Engineering, and Energy forming its primary knowledge base.

An Integrated Decision Support Framework for Demand Forecasting and Gypsum Inventory Optimization in Cement Manufacturing

2026-09-29T02:28:58+00:00

This study developed an integrated decision support framework that linked gypsum demand forecasting with the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) and Periodic Order Quantity (POQ) inventory control methods. Historical gypsum consumption data from PT Lafarge Cement Indonesia for 2023–2024, together with ordering costs, holding costs, and replenishment lead times, were analyzed to develop an inventory planning strategy for 2025. Three forecasting methods quadratic, exponential, and cyclical forecasting were evaluated using Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), and the model with the lowest MAPE was selected to estimate future gypsum demand. The results showed that the selected cyclical forecasting method predicted an annual gypsum demand of 73,167.64 tons for 2025. Under the existing inventory policy, the total inventory cost was Rp6,475,551.63. The EOQ model yielded an optimal order quantity of 6,233 tons and a total inventory cost of Rp5,297,287.41, representing savings of Rp1,178,264.22, or 18.20%. The POQ model resulted in a replenishment interval of approximately 1.02 months, with a safety stock of 15,712.24 tons and a reorder point of 22,475.05 tons. This approach resulted in a total inventory cost of Rp5,239,614.91. Compared with the existing policy, the POQ model provided estimated savings of Rp1,235,936.72, equivalent to a 19.09% reduction in inventory costs. These findings demonstrated that integrating demand forecasting with EOQ and POQ provided a practical approach to improving gypsum inventory planning, reducing inventory costs, and maintaining material availability in cement manufacturing.

Valorization of Water Hyacinth and Banana Pseudostem through Co-Composting with Goat Manure: Effects of Biomass Ratio on Macronutrient Quality

2026-09-30T06:17:36+00:00

Water hyacinth and banana pseudostem are abundant aquatic and agricultural biomasses with contrasting physicochemical properties that may provide complementary nutrient and carbon sources during composting. However, the effects of progressively substituting lignocellulosic banana pseudostem with nutrient-rich water hyacinth under a constant manure input remain insufficiently understood. This study evaluated how different water hyacinth–banana pseudostem ratios influence the nutrient composition and C/N characteristics of compost. Four 6-kg feedstock formulations were investigated: X1 (4 kg banana pseudostem + 1 kg water hyacinth + 1 kg goat manure), X2 (3 + 2 + 1 kg), X3 (2 + 3 + 1 kg), and X4 (1 + 4 + 1 kg), using five independent 90-L composting units per formulation (n = 20). The mixtures were composted for 30 days and turned every two days. Total N, P, and K, organic C, and C/N ratio were determined at the end of composting. Feedstock formulation significantly affected total P (F(3,16) = 6.583, p = 0.004, η² = 0.552), with the highest concentration observed in X2 (0.794 ± 0.167%). Total N and K were numerically highest in X3, although differences among formulations were not statistically significant (p = 0.091 and p = 0.095, respectively). Organic C (p = 0.816) and C/N ratio (p = 0.256) also showed no significant differences, with mean C/N ratios ranging from 11.04 to 12.87. In contrast, aggregate N + P₂O₅ + K₂O differed significantly among formulations (F(3,16) = 10.255, p < 0.001, η² = 0.658), with X2, X3, and X4 exceeding X1 but not differing significantly from one another. These findings reveal a threshold-type rather than monotonic nutrient response, indicating that increasing water hyacinth beyond the X2 proportion did not produce proportional improvements in aggregate nutrient content. Co-composting water hyacinth, banana pseudostem, and goat manure therefore provides a promising nutrient-recovery strategy for managing invasive aquatic biomass and agricultural residues, although maturity assessment, contaminant screening, and soil–plant validation are required before field-scale application.

Situational Awareness as a Human Factor in Near Miss and Crash Incidents Among Student Motorcyclists

2026-09-29T02:28:57+00:00

Motorcycle riders are among the most vulnerable road users due to their direct exposure to dynamic traffic environments, while many traffic accidents are preceded by near-miss incidents that provide valuable opportunities for proactive safety evaluation. This study aimed to examine the effect of Situational Awareness (SA) on near-miss and crash incidents among university student motorcycle riders and to evaluate the contribution of the Situation Awareness Rating Technique (SART) dimensions, namely Demand, Supply, and Understanding. A quantitative cross-sectional design was employed involving 96 Universitas Malikussaleh students selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire based on the SART instrument and analyzed using simple and multiple linear regression after confirming the validity and reliability of the instrument and the fulfillment of regression assumptions. The results demonstrated that Situational Awareness had a significant negative effect on both near-miss (β = −0.614, p < 0.001) and crash incidents (β = −0.370, p < 0.001), explaining 48.7% and 42.3% of the variance, respectively. Furthermore, the Understanding dimension consistently showed the strongest influence on both safety outcomes, whereas the Supply dimension was not significantly associated with crash incidents. These findings indicate that improving riders' cognitive ability to recognize, interpret, and anticipate hazardous traffic situations may contribute to reducing near-miss events and crash risks, providing practical implications for motorcycle safety education and hazard perception training among university students.

Development of a Green Palm Oil Agroindustry Model Based on Resource Efficiency and Circular Economy in Medan, Indonesia

2026-09-29T02:29:34+00:00

Palm oil processing created substantial economic value while intensifying demands for materials, energy, water, and responsible residual management. This study developed and empirically tested a company-level green palm oil agroindustry model that integrated resource efficiency and circular economy practices at PT Musim Mas in Medan City. Explanatory quantitative research was conducted with 50 internal respondents representing management, production and operations, engineering and maintenance, environment and sustainability, quality control, and workers. Data were collected through a five-point Likert-scale questionnaire, observations, interviews, and documentation and were analyzed using descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling–partial least squares (SEM-PLS). The questionnaire results represented internal perceptions of practice implementation and did not constitute direct audited measurements of water consumption, energy use, waste generation, or emissions. The mean scores for resource efficiency, circular economy, and green agroindustry were 3.98 (good), 4.14 (good), and 4.03 (good), respectively. Resource efficiency was positively associated with green agroindustry (β = 0.382; t = 4.216; p < 0.001), circular economy was positively associated with green agroindustry (β = 0.447; t = 5.031; p < 0.001), and resource efficiency was positively associated with circular economy (β = 0.516; t = 6.284; p < 0.001). Together, resource efficiency and circular economy explained 71.4% of the variance in green agroindustry (R² = 0.714). Within the investigated model and sample, circular economy exhibited a stronger standardized direct association with green agroindustry than resource efficiency. The findings were also consistent with a pathway in which efficient resource use facilitated higher-value resource recovery and waste-to-value practices. Water efficiency, emission control, renewable energy utilization, and green technology innovation were identified as priority areas for further improvement. Overall, the findings provided company-level, cross-sectional evidence supporting the integration of resource efficiency and circular economy practices into green palm oil agroindustry development; however, broader replication and longitudinal assessment were required to establish their generalizability and long-term effects.

Analysis and Visualization of Global Research Trends in Sustainable Shrimp Farming Through Bibliometrics

2026-08-06T06:56:07+00:00

This study aimed to comprehensively examine global research trends in sustainable shrimp farming and identify research gaps that require further investigation. The analysis was based on 294 research articles published between 2014 and 2023 and indexed in the Scopus database. Using bibliometric methods and VOSviewer software, the study evaluated publication output, subject areas, journals, authors, keywords, countries, and other bibliometric indicators to assess the global development of research in this field over the study period. The field of sustainable shrimp farming expanded rapidly, with a continuous increase in the number of publications through 2023. India recorded the highest number of publications, with 47 articles. The most frequently occurring keywords included "Bacterium," "Carbon," "Crustacean," "Food Supplementation," "Immunity," "Microbiology," "Nonhuman," "Penaeus vannamei," "Probiotic," and "Vibrio." The bibliometric analysis provided valuable insights into the current status, research progress, and future potential of this field. Based on the findings, several promising directions for future research were identified: (1) the relationship between dietary supplementation and immune responses, including the interactions between probiotics and Vibrio; (2) the immune responses of shrimp species to Vibrio, carbon-related factors, and food supplementation; and (3) the influence of probiotics on the cultivation and health performance of Penaeus vannamei.

Mitigating Food Loss and Supply Chain Risks in Red Chili Distribution Using the SCOR-Based House of Risk Approach: A Case Study from Indonesia

2026-08-18T00:32:21+00:00

Red chili was a strategic horticultural commodity whose distribution process was highly exposed to supply chain risks that could reduce product quality, disrupt delivery performance, and increase operational costs. This study aimed to identify supply chain risk events and risk agents, determine the dominant sources of risk, and prioritize mitigation strategies for the red chili distribution route from Sidikalang to Medan Central Market using the House of Risk (HOR) method. Supply chain activities were first mapped based on the Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) model, while primary data were collected through interviews and questionnaires involving selected distributors using purposive sampling. House of Risk Phase 1 was applied to evaluate the Aggregate Risk Potential (ARP), followed by House of Risk Phase 2 to determine mitigation priorities using Total Effectiveness (TE) and the Effectiveness-to-Difficulty Ratio (ETD). The results identified 14 risk events and 17 risk agents distributed across the Plan, Source, Deliver, and Return processes. Pareto analysis showed that 11 dominant risk agents accounted for 81.77% of the total ARP value (10,724), with the most critical risks arising from poor road conditions along the Sidikalang–Medan route, adverse weather conditions, and market price fluctuations. Nine preventive actions were proposed, with the preparation of alternative departure schedules combined with continuous monitoring of weather and road conditions identified as the highest-priority mitigation strategy based on the highest ETD value. These findings demonstrated that the integration of the SCOR model and House of Risk provided a systematic approach to identifying priority risks and developing practical mitigation strategies to improve the reliability and resilience of red chili supply chain distribution.

Environmentally Friendly Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Gandaria (Bouea macrophylla) Leaf Waste Extract for Mercury Detection in Facial Cream Products

2026-08-06T06:56:09+00:00

This study aimed to synthesize and characterize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the stem bark extract of Gandaria (Bouea macrophylla) and to evaluate their selectivity for mercury (Hg) detection. The Gandaria stem bark was extracted using methanol as the solvent through the maceration method. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using extract concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 4%. Characterization of the AgNPs using UV–Visible spectrophotometry showed that the highest absorbance was observed at the 4% extract concentration, whereas the lowest absorbance was recorded at the 1% concentration. The selectivity test demonstrated that the synthesized AgNPs were highly selective toward Hg in HgCl₂ solution compared with Pb in PbCl₂ solution and Ca in CaCl₂ solution. AgNPs synthesized using the 4% extract concentration could be used as a preliminary qualitative colorimetric detection material for identifying mercury in facial whitening creams available on the market. Based on Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) and Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM–EDX) analyses, the AgNPs synthesized using the 4% Gandaria stem bark extract were confirmed to fall within the nanoparticle size range.

Optimization Strategies for Waste Management in Wildlife Tourism Areas: A Systematic Literature Review

2026-08-06T06:56:09+00:00

Waste management in ecologically sensitive tourism areas has faced considerable challenges in balancing operational efficiency with environmental conservation. This study aimed to identify Solid Waste Management (SWM) optimization techniques that had been applied in tourism and conservation areas, evaluate their performance in supporting environmental sustainability, and analyze their respective strengths and limitations. The study employed a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) following the PRISMA guidelines. A total of 22 articles published between 2020 and 2026 were analyzed based on publication characteristics, study locations, optimization techniques, and their contributions to operational efficiency and habitat conservation. The review revealed that SWM optimization techniques had evolved from conventional mathematical approaches toward more integrated models through the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), waste-to-energy technologies, and circular economy frameworks. Exact optimization models proved effective for cost minimization and transportation optimization, whereas AI and IoT supported real-time monitoring and decision-making. Waste-to-energy and circular economy approaches contributed most significantly to waste reduction, renewable energy generation, and resource recovery. Overall, the review concluded that hybrid optimization models integrating digital technologies, resource recovery, and collaborative governance represented the most promising approach for supporting efficient and sustainable waste management in wildlife conservation tourism areas.

Parameter-Based Selection of Acid Mine Drainage and Coal Mine Wastewater Treatment: Evidence and Operational Constraints

2026-09-29T02:29:36+00:00

Acid mine drainage (AMD) and coal mine wastewater differed in acidity, metal loading, sulfate concentrations, suspended solids, and flow characteristics, requiring treatment approaches to be matched to site-specific water quality and operational constraints. This structured desk-based technical review synthesized 64 retained full-text studies using predefined screening criteria, study-level data extraction, and categorical evidence appraisal. Neutralization was found to be most defensible for acidity correction and Fe/Al precipitation but transferred contaminants to sludge and could leave Mn and sulfate unresolved. Passive systems provided potential for long-term treatment where sufficient land and retention time were available, although field evidence demonstrated sensitivity to hydraulic loading, seasonality, substrate condition, and maintenance. Adsorption was better supported as a capacity-limited polishing process than as a universal primary treatment, while electrocoagulation required reliable power, electrode management, and sludge handling and remained weakly represented by full-scale standalone coal-mine applications. The resulting matrix linked wastewater chemistry and mass loading with evidence maturity, land availability, energy and reagent requirements, maintenance needs, and residual-management constraints to screen single-stage or combined treatment trains. Membrane processes, biological sulfate reduction, and resource-recovery options were considered complementary treatment stages where their operational requirements matched the treatment objectives. Site characterization, pilot-scale verification, residual assessment, life-cycle cost analysis, and confirmation of applicable discharge requirements remained necessary before final treatment design.