Civil and Sustainable Urban Engineering

Integrated Piezocone and Standard Penetration Testing for Geotechnical Site Characterization in Tangerang, Indonesia

Asriwiyanti Desiani — 2026-10-25

Groundwater conditions, and the mechanical behavior of soil layers. This study evaluates the complementary application of piezocone penetration testing (CPTu) and standard penetration testing (SPT) to characterize subsurface conditions at a site in Kampung Sawah, BSD–Tangerang, Indonesia. The investigation included two CPTu soundings, CPTu-01 and CPTu-02, reaching depths of 5.58 m and 5.28 m, respectively, and three boreholes, BH-01, BH-02, and BH-03, extending to depths of 29.50 m, 29.50 m, and 33.50 m, respectively. The borehole records revealed heterogeneous subsurface strata consisting of silty clay, clayey silt, sand, gravelly sand, weathered sandstone, and siltstone. Groundwater levels were recorded at depths of 3.50 m, 1.50 m, and 4.70 m below ground level in BH-01, BH-02, and BH-03, respectively. SPT values varied with depth and soil type, with relatively high values observed in several sandy and weathered rock intervals. A preliminary correlation between CPTu and SPT results was established using data from CPTu-01 and BH-02, yielding a coefficient of determination of R² = 0.8075. However, the shallow CPTu penetration depths and the absence of a complete depth-matched dataset limit the reliability and broader applicability of this correlation. Consistent with limitations reported in previous CPT-based soil classification and correlation studies, these findings highlight the importance of integrating multiple geotechnical investigation methods while accounting for uncertainties associated with empirical correlations and spatial variability. Overall, this study provides site-specific insights into subsurface conditions and establishes a preliminary basis for further geotechnical investigations and foundation design assessments.

Infiltration Control and Precipitation Management: Panacea for Soil Erosion, Erosion Wadis and Aggradation of Orogodo River in Agbor Metropolis

Augustine Anyiam Oputa — 2026-08-30

Globally, water is the most potent agent of soil erosion. Its potency at room temperature depends on the flow energy. Water induced soil erosion involve breakdown, and transport of broken-down soil aggregates from place of origin to where the displaced particles are deposited, thus stagnant water has very low erosive potentials. Currently, one of the major sources of colossal plagues in Agbor metropolis is soil degradation through soil erosion. Prominence of soil erosion in the metropolis is attributable to high infiltration density, severe rainfalls and long steep topography. This paper examines infiltrations, severe rainfall, topography and urbanization effects on soil erosion, and Orogodo River sustenance in Agbor metropolis. The metropolis mean annual precipitation (1787 mm) was estimated from Delta State annual rainfall data (2005‒2015). Curve number method and Pythagoras theorem apply to estimate the metropolis runoff volume and topography gradient. Newton’s laws of motion apply to estimate runoff acceleration, velocity, force, kinetic energy, and momentum. Volume of sediment deposits in Orogodo River for 28 years (1998−2026) was estimated using the rational method. Research findings reveal Agbor metropolis runoff potentials: flow volume, velocity, acceleration, kinetic energy, force, and momentum is [(779580863.3) m³, (2.5) m/s, (0.026) m/s², (2.43619E+12) J, (20269102449) N and (3.82964E+13) kgms^-1]. Outstanding runoff potentials and unethical waste management aggravate soil erosion, while debris transport downslope is fast sinking Orogodo River. Residents should establish samba and channel courtyard runoffs to it, adopt ethical waste management and provide drainage systems with concrete slab covers to prevent waste deposition into it.

Preferences and Trip Attraction of Inclusive Public Transport for Vulnerable Groups to Support Equitable Urban Mobility

Muhammad Abdy — 2026-10-16

Inclusive public transportation is essential for promoting equitable mobility, particularly among vulnerable groups whose travel opportunities are often constrained by limited accessibility, safety concerns, socioeconomic conditions, and restricted access to private vehicles. This study investigates the relationships among accessibility, perceived safety, collaborative governance, public transportation preference and intention, and trip attraction among vulnerable users in Majene Regency, Indonesia. A quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted involving 212 respondents, and the hypothesized relationships were examined using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Five latent constructs were evaluated: Accessibility (AC), Perceived Safety (PS), Collaborative Governance (CG), Preference and Intention (PU), and Trip Attraction (TA). The study addresses the need for an integrated understanding of how infrastructure accessibility, safety perceptions, and institutional coordination are associated with transportation preferences and potential travel demand among vulnerable populations. Its primary contribution lies in integrating these five dimensions within a single empirical framework. The results demonstrate that accessibility is positively associated with perceived safety (β = 0.545, p < 0.001), while collaborative governance exhibits significant positive associations with preference and intention (β = 0.755, p < 0.001) and trip attraction (β = 0.683, p < 0.001). Conversely, perceived safety is not significantly associated with preference and intention (β = 0.085, p = 0.076), and the indirect association between accessibility and preference and intention through perceived safety is also not statistically significant (β = 0.067, p = 0.096). The model explains 29.7% of the variance in perceived safety, 60.1% in preference and intention, and 46.7% in trip attraction. These findings highlight the importance of integrating physical accessibility improvements with collaborative governance involving local authorities, transportation operators, public institutions, communities, and vulnerable users to support more inclusive and responsive public transportation planning.

Identification and Descriptive Assessment of Construction Delay Risks in A Research Building Project in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

Ananda Sakti Hariasmara — 2026-10-30

A research building construction project in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, recorded actual cumulative progress of 59.005%, compared with planned progress of 68.617%, at week 29 of a 43-week contract, indicating a delay of 9.612 percentage points. This discrepancy highlighted the need for project-specific identification of potential construction delay risks. This study aimed to identify and assess potential factors contributing to construction delays using a descriptive quantitative approach based on a structured questionnaire survey. A total sampling method was employed, involving all 27 project personnel within the defined study population. Twenty-eight potential delay indicators were identified from the existing literature and adapted to the project context. Item validity was assessed using Pearson item–total correlations, which ranged from 0.383 to 0.780, exceeding the adopted critical value of 0.381. The questionnaire demonstrated high internal consistency, with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.907. Indicators were screened using a predefined exclusion criterion, whereby indicators receiving negative responses (strongly disagree or disagree) from more than 50% of respondents were excluded. Consequently, eight indicators were excluded, while 20 were retained, comprising six technical, five managerial, five resource-related, and four external indicators. Material quantity discrepancies and delayed material delivery received the highest levels of agreement, at 92.59% and 88.89%, respectively. The findings provide a project-specific framework for identifying potential construction delay risks and supporting subsequent risk prioritization and mitigation strategies. However, the retention of indicators reflects the absence of majority disagreement rather than empirical confirmation of their occurrence or causal effects. As the study was limited to respondent perceptions within a single construction project, the generalizability of the findings remains limited.

Numerical Evaluation of Axial Capacity and Settlement of a Bored Pile Foundation for a Hospital Building Using Finite Element and AllPile Analyses

Rashiqa Mutia Zahratunisa RH — 2026-10-10

The performance of bored pile foundations for hospital buildings must satisfy both axial capacity and serviceability requirements, as excessive settlement may adversely affect structural and non-structural components, sensitive medical equipment, and overall building functionality. This study evaluated the axial bearing capacity and displacement response of a single bored pile at point P-86 of an Integrated Oncology Hospital Building project by comparing two numerical approaches, finite element method (FEM) analysis and AllPile Vertical Analysis, against field measurements obtained from a Pile Driving Analyzer (PDA) test. The investigated pile had a diameter of 0.80 m, an embedded length of 25 m, and a working load of 918 kN. Subsurface conditions were characterized using borehole BH-2 data, with groundwater encountered at approximately 10.5 m below ground level. The FEM analysis predicted an ultimate axial capacity of 985.98 tons and a displacement of 6.00 mm, whereas AllPile predicted an ultimate capacity of 1,365.21 tons, an allowable compressive capacity of 455.17 tons, and a settlement of 3.119 mm. In comparison, the PDA test indicated an ultimate capacity of 429 tons and a displacement of 7.60 mm. Relative to the PDA results, the FEM and AllPile ultimate capacities were higher by 129.83% and 218.23%, respectively, while the corresponding displacement differences were 21.05% and 58.96%. Thus, FEM provided predictions closer to the PDA results for both axial capacity and displacement, although a substantial discrepancy remained in the predicted ultimate capacity. The pile nevertheless satisfied the adopted working-load and serviceability requirements. These findings demonstrate that numerical predictions require site-specific calibration and validation against field measurements. Moreover, PDA-derived capacity should be interpreted as a dynamic field reference rather than as a direct substitute for conventional static pile load testing.

Assessment of Construction Waste Management Practices in Klaten, Indonesia

Muhammad Rizki Hidayat — 2026-10-28

Construction waste management is an essential component of sustainable construction, as ineffective handling of residual materials reduces resource efficiency and increases potential environmental burdens. This study evaluates construction waste management practices across 21 building projects in Klaten Regency, Indonesia, based on stakeholder perceptions of four factors: labor, materials, methods, and management. A quantitative descriptive approach was employed using a structured questionnaire comprising 20 initial indicators assessed on a five-point Likert scale. Following item validity testing, 16 indicators were retained for descriptive analysis. The material factor achieved the highest mean score (3.89; good), whereas labor (2.29), methods (2.54), and management (2.47) were classified as poor. The lowest-scoring indicators were the appointment of personnel specifically responsible for waste management (1.62), the inclusion of waste management provisions in contracts (1.76), arrangements for third-party waste disposal (1.86), and the availability of waste sorting facilities (2.05). These findings indicate that conventional material protection and quality control practices are better established than dedicated waste management responsibilities, on-site waste segregation, and contractual governance mechanisms. Recommended improvements include establishing clear responsibilities for waste management, providing designated waste sorting and temporary storage areas, incorporating measurable waste management requirements into construction contracts, and systematically documenting waste generation, handling, and final disposal destinations. Given the limited sample size and reliance on stakeholder perceptions rather than direct measurements of waste generation and disposal, the findings should be interpreted as exploratory evidence from the surveyed projects rather than generalized estimates for all construction projects in Klaten Regency.

Comparison of the Performance of Structures With and Without Dilatation Joints at the East Java High Prosecutor's Office Building

Risky Surya Ardiansyah — 2026-09-19

The condition of a building with vertical irregularities can affect the structure’s response to seismic loads; therefore, a performance evaluation is required to ensure the structure’s safety. This study aims to compare the performance of existing buildings without expansion joints with that of structures incorporating expansion joints, and to determine the required expansion joint spacing based on the inter-storey deflection. The analysis was carried out using ETABS v17 with the pushover method based on the criteria set out in FEMA 356 and FEMA 440, whilst the inter-storey drift control was based on SNI 1726:2019. The results of the analysis show that all models comply with the inter-storey drift limits and fall within the ‘Safe’ category. The installation of expansion joints resulted in a reduction in deflection, particularly in Block B, with maximum deflection values of 5.5 mm in the X-direction and 1.7 mm in the Y-direction, compared with 35.9 mm in the X-direction and 10.8 mm in the Y-direction for the existing structure. Based on the performance evaluation, the majority of the models were classified at the Immediate Occupancy (IO) level, with the exception of Block A in the Y-direction, which, according to FEMA 440, was classified at the Life Safety (LS) level. The results of the critical deflection analysis indicate that a minimum expansion joint gap of 4.33 mm is required. Consequently, the installation of expansion joints can improve the control of lateral deformation whilst still ensuring an acceptable level of structural performance under seismic loads.

Stability Analysis and Structural Evaluation of a 120 m Rigid Symmetrical Suspension Footbridge: A Case Study of the Way Sekampung Bridge, South Lampung, Indonesia

B. Eko Septiyanto — 2026-10-25

Suspension footbridges provide an efficient solution for communities separated by rivers and other natural obstacles, but long-span systems require integrated structural and geotechnical assessment. This study evaluates the structural and geotechnical performance of a proposed 120 m rigid symmetrical suspension footbridge crossing the Way Sekampung River, South Lampung, Indonesia. The assessment included site surveys, geotechnical investigations, structural loading and reaction analysis, foundation capacity and stability checks, seismic site classification, and approach-road evaluation. The proposed bridge has a 120 m main span, 23.05 m backstay, 35° cable inclination, and 15.75 m pylons. The site was classified as Site Class SC, with a corrected average N-SPT value of 60.2. The adopted seismic parameters were a peak ground acceleration of 0.252 g, SS of 0.509 g, S1 of 0.230 g, and SD1 of 0.362 g. Overturning safety factors ranged from 1.63 to 1.73 for the anchor blocks and from 5.62 to 5.86 for the pylons, exceeding the minimum requirement of 1.5. Vertical and horizontal stability requirements were also satisfied. Foundation settlements remained below 1 cm, while lateral deformations were substantially below the 2.54 cm limit. The maximum approach-road fill height was 2.29 m, below the critical height of 5.74 m. The results indicate that the proposed bridge configuration satisfies the investigated structural and geotechnical stability requirements. The findings also demonstrate the importance of integrating foundation, seismic, and approach-road assessments into the evaluation of long-span pedestrian suspension bridges.

Imperative and Profound Regulatory Efficacy: Engineering Panacea for Flood Mitigation in Lower Niger Floodplain/Riverine Communities, South-South Nigeria

Augustine Anyiam Oputa — 2026-08-30

The Niger River and its flow channels constitute major cultural, drainage, and socioeconomic resources for riverine communities. However, widespread degradation of river valleys and floodplains in Nigeria has increased flood risks, particularly in the Lower Niger and Niger Delta. This study examined the causes, effects, trends, and control measures associated with flooding in Delta State floodplain communities. It analyzed rainfall patterns in the Niger River Basin, Niger River flow characteristics, population growth and urbanization trends in Nigeria from 1950 to 2023, and waste management practices. The findings revealed high annual rainfall across the Niger River Basin, with river flow and wet-season discharge strongly influenced by rainfall. Population growth, urbanization, infrastructure development, inadequate environmental conservation, and poor waste management have accelerated the degradation of river channels and floodplains. These conditions increase surface flow into adjacent low-lying areas, intensifying annual flooding. Flooding in Delta State was therefore attributed to the combined effects of intense rainfall, degraded river systems, and inadequate implementation and enforcement of environmental protection and urban planning policies. Effective flood mitigation requires restoration of the Niger River system, sustainable waste management, stronger enforcement of environmental regulations, improved administrative controls, and community-based behavioral management strategies.

Evaluation of Occupational Safety and Health Management and Work Risk on a National Road Preservation Project in Lampung, Indonesia

Agung Rian Hidayat — 2026-10-25

Occupational safety and health (OSH) management is essential for reducing workplace hazards in road preservation projects, where construction activities involve heavy equipment, moving traffic, and variable environmental conditions. This study evaluates OSH management practices and perceived occupational risks in a national road preservation project in Lampung, Indonesia. A quantitative descriptive approach was employed using a structured questionnaire administered to 30 project personnel. The initial questionnaire consisted of 50 statements covering seven OSH management dimensions and five occupational risk categories. Responses were recorded using a five-point Likert scale. Following item validity testing, 16 OSH management items and nine occupational risk items were retained. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for the retained items were 0.948 and 0.915, respectively, indicating high internal consistency. Safety training received the highest management score (87.33%), followed by safety briefings (82.67%) and safety policy implementation (78.93%). Supervision received the lowest score (63.73%), indicating a potential weakness in the consistent implementation and monitoring of safe work practices. Regarding perceived occupational risks, traffic interaction received the highest score (92.50%), followed by slips and trips (91.11%) and heavy equipment operations (89.83%). These percentages reflect respondents’ perceptions of workplace hazards rather than measured accident probabilities, injury severity, or formal risk ratings. The findings suggest that greater emphasis should be placed on strengthening field supervision, traffic management, housekeeping, and operational safety controls while maintaining existing safety training and briefing practices. Given the descriptive research design, small sample size, and single-project setting, the findings should be interpreted as a site-specific assessment rather than as generalizable estimates of construction safety performance.

Construction Safety Risk Distribution in a Phase 7B Haul Road Project Using the IBPR Method in South Kalimantan, Indonesia

Zoevans Mart L. Tobing — 2026-10-30

Haul road construction in mining environments involves heavy equipment operations, material transportation, earthworks, and variable ground conditions, all of which may expose workers to occupational safety hazards. This study aimed to assess the distribution of occupational safety risk levels during the Phase 7B haul road construction project at PT Karya Halim Sampoerna, South Kalimantan, Indonesia, using the Identifikasi Bahaya dan Pengendalian Risiko (IBPR; Hazard Identification and Risk Control) method. A descriptive risk assessment approach was employed, integrating qualitative hazard identification with quantitative risk classification. Eight construction activities were evaluated: subgrade compaction, Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) testing, base course material supply, base course compaction, sub-base layer material supply, sub-base layer compaction, drainage excavation, and safety berm construction. A total of 81 potential risks were identified and classified into three categories: medium (scores of 5–9), high (10–19), and critical (20–25). No risks were classified as low. High-risk cases accounted for the largest proportion (40 cases; 49.4%), followed by critical-risk cases (30; 37.0%) and medium-risk cases (11; 13.6%). Sub-base layer material supply exhibited the highest proportion of critical risks (10 of 14 cases; 71.4%), followed by base course material supply (6 of 9 cases; 66.7%). These findings highlight the need to prioritize safety assessments and risk control measures related to material transportation, equipment manoeuvring, unloading operations, equipment–worker interactions, excavation conditions, and safety berm design. However, the absence of the original individual hazard register, complete risk-scoring matrix, observation schedule, and post-control risk scores limits the independent reproducibility of the assessment. Consequently, the findings should be interpreted as aggregated risk classifications rather than independently verified risk scores. This study provides an activity-specific framework for prioritizing occupational safety interventions and identifies essential documentation requirements for improving the transparency, reproducibility, and validation of future risk assessments.

Passenger Characteristics and Service Factors Associated with Passenger Perception of Public Transport on the Tanjung Karang–Teluk Betung Route, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia

Satrio Wicaksono — 2026-10-16

Urban public transportation plays an important role in supporting daily mobility, particularly for communities that rely on affordable and accessible transport services. However, passenger perceptions of public transportation may vary depending on socioeconomic characteristics and perceived service quality. This study examines passenger characteristics and identifies service-related factors associated with passenger perceptions of public transportation along the Tanjung Karang–Teluk Betung route in Bandar Lampung, Indonesia. A field survey was conducted from 10 to 25 June 2026 using a structured questionnaire administered to 100 public transport passengers. Respondents were recruited at and around Pasar Bawah Terminal and along the study route on selected weekdays and Sundays between 06:00 and 18:00. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize passenger demographics and travel patterns, while multiple linear regression was employed to examine the associations between passenger perceptions and eight service-related variables: fare affordability, ease of accessing public transport, waiting time, safety, comfort, service quality, service availability, and vehicle suitability. The regression model yielded an R² of 0.925 and an adjusted R² of 0.918, indicating that the eight variables collectively explained 92.5% of the variation in passenger perceptions. Fare affordability, waiting time, safety, comfort, service quality, service availability, and vehicle suitability were statistically significantly associated with passenger perceptions, whereas ease of accessing public transport was not statistically significant. The study provides route-specific empirical evidence on passenger characteristics and the service attributes influencing perceptions of conventional urban public transportation in Indonesia. The findings suggest that maintaining affordable fares should be complemented by improvements in service reliability, safety, comfort, service quality, and vehicle condition to enhance the attractiveness and continued use of public transportation in Bandar Lampung.

Quantifying the Porosity–Strength Relationship of Porous Paving Blocks Containing Mechanically Processed Waste-Paper Fibre as a Partial Fine-Aggregate Replacement

Pengki Suanto — 2026-10-28

Waste paper is a large waste stream, and porous paving materials are increasingly investigated for urban stormwater management. However, quantitative information linking porosity to mechanical performance in porous paving blocks that contain waste-paper fibre remains scarce. This study quantifies how replacing fine aggregate with mechanically processed, chemically untreated waste-paper fibre affects open porosity, water absorption, dry density, compressive strength, and flexural strength, and expresses the porosity–strength relationship with confidence intervals. Paving blocks (200 × 100 × 60 mm; cement-to-sand ratio 1:3; nominal water-to-cement ratio 0.30) were produced with 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% fibre by bulk volume of the sand replaced. Ten specimens per mixture were tested for each property at 28 days. Data were analysed using analysis of variance, Welch's test, Games–Howell and Tukey comparisons with 95% confidence intervals, effect sizes, linear regression, and Pearson and Spearman correlations. Substitution increased open porosity from 11.99% to 17.87%, reduced dry density by 13–15%, reduced compressive strength from 37.28 MPa to 18.18–25.40 MPa, and reduced flexural strength from 6.25 MPa to 3.25–4.15 MPa. Across the five mixture means, each 1-percentage-point increase in porosity corresponded to 2.78 MPa lower compressive strength (95% CI: 0.13–5.43 MPa; p = 0.045) and 0.43 MPa lower flexural strength (95% CI: −0.91 to +0.05 MPa; p = 0.065). The relationship largely vanished within the waste-paper mixtures alone (r = −0.39 for compressive strength), indicating that porosity is a useful indicator but not the sole determinant of strength; fibre dispersion and material heterogeneity (coefficients of variation of 19–29%) also matter. The 10% mixture (16.20% porosity, 25.40 MPa, 8.30% water absorption) is identified as a screening candidate for light-traffic porous paving, subject to infiltration, durability, and variability-control studies.

A BIM-Informed Multi-Objective Work-Zone Scheduling Model for Improving Crew Continuity and Resource Stability in Multi-Story Building Projects

Sultan Alkarawi — 2026-10-10

Construction scheduling methods often lack effective integration of daily resource stability, work-zone sequencing, and specialist crew continuity, particularly in multi-story projects employing bottom-up floor sequencing. This study developed a BIM-informed multi-objective work-zone scheduling model to address these challenges. The model was applied to a five-story office building comprising 15 work zones and six repetitive activities, represented by 90 activity-zone records. The Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) was employed to minimize work-package duration, cumulative crew idle time, and daily resource variation while satisfying precedence, crew exclusivity, non-preemption, workforce, workspace, concurrency, and bottom-up progression constraints. Ten independent runs were performed with a population size of 100 over 200 generations. The selected solution (168, 380, 219) achieved a work-package duration of 168 working days, cumulative crew idle time of 380 days, and a resource variation value of 219, representing reductions of 58.4%, 78.9%, and 18.6%, respectively, compared with sequential execution. An exhaustive evaluation of all 7,776 feasible sequences reproduced the same two-vector Pareto front, confirming the complete set of non-dominated solutions within the modeled search space. Sensitivity analysis identified crew efficiency and allowable zone concurrency as the primary factors influencing scheduling performance. The proposed model offers a practical decision-support tool for construction planners to balance project duration, crew continuity, and resource stability while maintaining a feasible and operationally interpretable bottom-up construction sequence.

High-Damping Rubber Bearing Base-Isolation Performance under Different Seismic Hazard Levels

Indra Ariani — 2026-10-25

Base isolation can reduce seismic forces transmitted to building superstructures, but its effectiveness depends on seismic hazard conditions, bearing properties, and structural response. This study compares the reported seismic responses of a reinforced-concrete hospital building with fixed-base and high-damping rubber bearing (HDRB) configurations under three Indonesian seismic hazard scenarios: Samarinda, Aceh, and Palu. Six analytical cases were evaluated using identical reported building geometries. The assessment considered base shear, floor displacement, interstory drift, and P–Delta stability. The reported base shear decreased from 4,902 to 3,754 kN in Samarinda, from 16,371 to 10,914 kN in Aceh, and from 16,997 to 11,331 kN in Palu, corresponding to reductions of 23.42%, 33.33%, and 33.34%, respectively. The isolated models generally exhibited greater absolute floor displacements than the fixed-base models. However, inconsistencies between the reported floor-displacement and interstory-drift values prevent a definitive assessment of drift compliance. Furthermore, the available information is insufficient to independently verify the HDRB constitutive model or determine story-level P–Delta stability coefficients. Although the results demonstrate reduced base shear across all three HDRB configurations, these reductions alone do not establish full compliance with seismic design codes or ensure the hospital's operational continuity following an earthquake. Further verification of site-specific seismic spectra, bearing properties, isolation displacement capacity, interstory drift, and second-order effects is necessary before the findings can support final engineering design decisions.

Evaluating the Outputs of the Tourism Village Program Through the 4A Tourism Development Components: Evidence from East Manggarai Regency, Indonesia

Waldenses Rojeri Babut — 2026-08-10

The tourism village program became a key strategy of the Indonesian government to stimulate local economic growth through community-based tourism; however, its implementation in lagging regions was rarely evaluated systematically. This study aimed to evaluate the outputs of the tourism village program in three villages of East Manggarai Regency—Colol, Golo Loni, and Compang Ndejing—based on the four components of tourism destination development (4A): attraction, accessibility, amenity, and ancillary. A mixed-methods approach within a formative evaluation framework was applied. Data were collected through field observations, in-depth interviews, documentation, and questionnaires involving 45 purposively selected informants. Twenty-three sub-variables were assessed against predetermined ordinal indicators (Good, Fair, and Poor) and summarized using percentage-distribution descriptive analysis. The findings showed that the overall program outputs remained suboptimal: only 15.9% of the assessments were categorized as Good, 39.1% as Fair, and 44.9% as Poor. The attraction component performed relatively well (66.7% Fair), whereas accessibility was the weakest (66.7% Poor; 0% Good), with the availability of public transportation and parking areas rated as Poor in all villages. The ancillary component revealed a marked institutional gap between villages, recording the highest proportion of Good ratings (33.3%) alongside a high proportion of Poor ratings (44.4%). These results highlighted that infrastructure improvement and institutional strengthening should be prioritized so that the existing attraction and accommodation potentials could function as operational tourism products in moderately developed rural destinations.