Civil and Sustainable Urban Engineering

Designing a Holistic Composite Metric for Sustainable Integrated Solid Waste Management: Economic, Social, and Environmental Perspectives

2025-11-15T23:52:14+00:00

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have provided the opportunity to ensure adequate, safe, and affordable housing and basic services (including sustainable waste management) for all by 2030. A Sustainable Integrated Solid Waste Management System (SISWMS) is defined as one that fits a particular location with its inherent characteristics and peculiarities in line with the SDGs. There is no one-size-fits-all, comprehensive waste management system or metric that worked everywhere in the world indefinitely. Hence, waste management stakeholders worldwide were actively engaged in designing their own versions of the Sustainable Integrated Solid Waste Management Composite Index (SISWMCI) and frameworks that were economically, environmentally, and socially viable. This work aimed to develop a scalable, versatile, holistic, and innovative tool, in the form of a metric, to assess and benchmark solid waste management practices and systems. The proposed SISWMS framework and metric were rooted in the tripod of SDG pillars (economic, social, and environmental domains), interwoven using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) weighting and aggregation methodologies, applied to 45 indicators across 10 sub-domains. The results indicated a red signal requiring urgent intervention, as the overall performance was 0.46, aggregated from the economic (0.49), social (0.49), and environmental (0.40) performance scores. The proposed metric was expected to serve as a robust and reliable sustainability performance benchmarking and improvement tool for waste management practices at the area, local government, state, and national levels.

Functional Assessment of Ahmad Yani Road as an Urban and Tourism Corridor

2026-02-04T10:34:33+00:00

Ahmad Yani Road stood as a vital artery in Tegal City, bridging the gap between urban centers and local tourism landmarks. While its administrative label defined it as an urban road, the street’s physical evolution told a different story one centered on pedestrians and tourism. Rather than accepting the status quo, this study examined the functional disconnect of Ahmad Yani Road by integrating three distinct approaches: geometric audits, traffic flow metrics, and road safety inspections (RSI). The fieldwork was conducted using a descriptive comparative framework, with data collection covering physical lane measurements, visual documentation, and traffic counts. These data were evaluated against a combination of Bina Marga’s local regulations and international benchmarks for walkable tourism streets. The findings revealed a substantial performance gap. The corridor failed to adequately fulfill its function as an urban road, meeting only 57.14% of the requirements due to narrow lanes and insufficient safety infrastructure. However, when assessed as a tourism corridor, the results were markedly different, with the road achieving 90% compliance, supported by its active frontage and pedestrian-oriented design. Although traffic flow remained relatively stable (DS = 0.66, LOS C), an underlying vulnerability persisted. The corridor operated near a critical threshold, where sudden increases in tourist activity or roadside disturbances could have disrupted traffic movement. Ultimately, Ahmad Yani Road had evolved beyond its original administrative classification, and the findings supported the need for a policy shift toward adaptive management to safeguard its emerging role as a vibrant public space.

Technical Factor Analysis that Impacts Building Maintenance in the Retention Phase

2026-02-04T10:32:43+00:00

Building maintenance during the retention phase (Defects Liability Period) was a critical stage in construction projects because defects frequently emerged after handover and could cause delays, cost overruns, and disputes between owners and contractors. In Indonesia, although a retention fund mechanism was applied, maintenance performance during this phase often remained suboptimal. This study aimed to identify and quantify the influence of technical factors on building maintenance success in high-rise projects during the retention phase in Surabaya. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire using a five-point Likert scale from 31 project staff members with relevant professional experience, selected using purposive sampling. The analysis was conducted using Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to evaluate both the measurement and structural models, supported by supplementary regression analysis. The results showed that technical factors had a strong and significant effect on building maintenance success, with material availability emerging as the most influential technical factor, while schedule planning was the most dominant success criterion. The high R² and effect size values indicated that technical factors played a substantial practical role in determining maintenance performance during the retention phase. These findings highlighted the importance of effective material logistics, systematic maintenance planning, and strict quality control. Overall, the study demonstrated that improved technical management practices significantly enhanced maintenance performance. From a practical perspective, contractors were encouraged to establish stockpiles of essential materials and adopt digital tools for maintenance planning to ensure timely execution, smooth operations, and effective cost control during the retention phase.

Performance Evaluation of Low-Density Polyethylene Food Packaging Waste as a Modifier in Performance Grade 70 Porous Asphalt Mixtures

2026-01-27T08:06:18+00:00

Plastic waste, especially Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) from food packaging, poses significant environmental challenges due to its non-biodegradable nature and increasing accumulation. In road engineering, porous asphalt is known for its good drainage properties but has lower stability compared to conventional asphalt. This study evaluates the characteristics of porous asphalt mixtures modified with LDPE food packaging waste as a partial substitute for Performance Grade (PG) 70 asphalt. LDPE waste was sourced from the Pasar Pahing Rungkut Temporary Waste Disposal Site in Surabaya, processed, and incorporated into asphalt mixtures at 3%, 4%, and 5% of total weight. The Australian Asphalt Pavement Association was used as a guideline, and the optimum asphalt content (OAC) was determined to be 4.72%. Laboratory tests included Marshall stability, flow, Marshall Quotient (MQ), permeability, and volumetric properties (Voids in Mixture, Voids in Mineral Aggregate, and Voids Filled with Asphalt). The 5% LDPE mixture showed the best performance, with stability reaching 1101.1 kg, MQ of 930.5 kg/mm, and Voids in Mineral Aggregate (VMA) of 54.9%. All mixtures met Australian Asphalt Pavement Association (AAPA) permeability requirements, and the use of LDPE improved mechanical strength without compromising drainage properties. LDPE food packaging waste has potential as an eco-friendly modifier in porous asphalt, enhancing its stability and technical performance while contributing to sustainable waste management.

Quality Culture for Preventing Technical Risk in Building Apartment Construction Project

2026-02-02T14:18:20+00:00

Apartment construction projects in Batam frequently encountered technical risks, such as cost overruns and schedule delays, which were exacerbated by a predominantly young workforce and stringent SLF (Certificate of Functionality) regulations. This study examined the impact of quality culture, leadership, communication, QMS, and Six Sigma on the perception of technical risk in these projects. A quantitative methodology was employed, disseminating structured online surveys to building professionals in Batam. The participants were predominantly young employees (ages 18–25) with fewer than three years of experience. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (percentages) and validity and reliability assessments, employing Microsoft Excel and SPSS. Most respondents (95%) agreed that a robust quality culture substantially mitigated technical risks. This favorable perception highlighted that integrating a quality culture into daily operations, including discipline and compliance with standards, was highly effective in preventing errors. Nonetheless, attitudes regarding the effectiveness of QMS, Six Sigma, and SLF were predominantly neutral, indicating a need for more consistent socialization and implementation. Technical risks originated from both physical factors and managerial procedures. A strong quality culture emerged as the key factor in reducing technical risks in apartment development projects in Batam. The construction industry needed to strengthen its quality culture, supported by modern management systems and effective communication, to ensure compliance with regulatory standards (SLF) and enhance overall project performance.

Performance Analysis of Porous Asphalt Incorporating Siwalan Fruit Shell Powder as Sustainable Filler Material

2026-01-28T11:18:56+00:00

Porous asphalt is an open-graded combination with a lot of air voids that is meant to improve drainage on the surface. Nonetheless, the utilization of organic waste as an alternate filler remains inadequately investigated. This study seeks to assess the Marshall properties of porous asphalt utilizing siwalan (Borassus flabellifer) shell powder as a sustainable filler alternative. The study commenced with preliminary material testing (coarse and fine aggregates, PG 70 asphalt, and filler) in accordance with Bina Marga 2018 specifications, succeeded by laboratory evaluations of Marshall parameters, Asphalt Flow Down (AFD), and Cantabro Loss at asphalt contents of 4%, 4.5%, 5%, 5.5%, and 6%. The results showed that all of the materials met the required specifications. At 4% asphalt concentration, the Marshall stability was at its highest. As the asphalt percentage went up, the VIM and VMA went down, and the VFB went up. AFD results met AAPA (2004) criteria (≤0.3%) only when the asphalt content was 4% or 4.5%. The Cantabro Loss requirements were met when the asphalt content was between 4.5% and 6%. The best amount of asphalt was found to be 4% based on the VIM, AFD, and Cantabro Loss standards. These results indicate that siwalan shell powder is a technically feasible filler material in porous asphalt mixtures and promotes the sustainable utilization of organic waste. It is advisable to do additional research to evaluate the long-term efficacy of the mixture in real-world settings. The study suggests an effective method for encouraging environmentally friendly pavement building through the use of locally sourced waste materials.

A Systematic Literature Review of Hybrid Multi-Criteria Decision-Making and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution Methods for Construction Material Supplier Selection

2026-01-28T06:01:04+00:00

Choosing the right supplier is critical in construction supply chain management, as it directly impacts cost, schedule, and material quality. This paper presents a systematic review of the integration of the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) with hybrid Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) methods for building material supplier selection. Following the PRISMA procedure and quality assessment criteria adapted from CASP, JBI, and Kitchenham et al., only Scopus-indexed articles from 2020–2025 were considered. Out of 227 initial records, seven studies met all inclusion and quality criteria. Results showed increasing use of hybrid MCDM approaches, primarily in Asian contexts. Common weighting techniques included the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Best–Worst Method (BWM), and rough set theory, while advanced methods such as Rough–Dombi BWM, game-theoretic approaches, fuzzy–rough systems, and Entropy–G1 weighting were used to handle uncertainty and complex decision problems. Fuzzy-based representations, particularly Triangular Fuzzy Numbers, were widely employed, with evaluation criteria focused on cost, quality, risk, sustainability, and delivery performance. Hybrid MCDM–TOPSIS frameworks generally produced more consistent and structured decision outcomes. However, findings are limited due to the small number of studies. Key research gaps include insufficient empirical validation in developing-country contexts, limited incorporation of sustainability factors, and practical challenges related to data quality and computational complexity. Future research should prioritize real-world applications, integrate sustainability more thoroughly, and develop user-friendly decision-support tools for construction practitioners.

The Application of Content Validity Index in Identifying and Validating Material Delay Risks in Sorong Construction Projects

2026-01-28T11:20:56+00:00

Material delays remained one of the most critical challenges affecting the performance of construction projects in Sorong, Southwest Papua, where geographical isolation, limited logistics capacity, and supply-chain disruptions frequently extended project timelines. This study aimed to identify and validate a context-specific list of material delay risks by applying the Content Validity Index (CVI) to ensure that the selected risk indicators accurately represented the conditions of construction projects in the region. A descriptive–qualitative approach was employed, involving eight experts with a minimum of five years of experience in construction project management in Southwest Papua. Twenty-nine risk events and twenty risk agents derived from the literature were assessed using a 1–4 relevance scale. The results indicated that 14 risk events and 13 risk agents achieved acceptable validity, with I-CVI values ranging from 0.88 to 1.00. The high S-CVI/Ave (0.98) and S-CVI/UA (0.87 for risk events; 0.86 for risk agents) demonstrated strong consensus among experts and confirmed the robustness of the research instrument. These findings suggested that the validated risk list accurately reflected dominant material delay issues in Sorong and was appropriate for subsequent quantitative risk analysis. The validated items were further interpreted as essential inputs for the next phase of research, particularly in applying Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) and the House of Risk (HOR) to prioritize dominant risk agents and develop targeted mitigation strategies. This study recommended broadening expert representation in future validations and integrating digital early-warning systems to strengthen material management practices in the region. The validated risk framework provided practical implications for contractors, policymakers, and supply-chain stakeholders in improving project reliability in Sorong.

Performance and Effectiveness of Drainage Systems in Densely Populated Residential Areas

2026-01-26T01:43:29+00:00

Drainage systems were an important component of urban infrastructure for controlling rainwater runoff and minimizing the risk of flooding, especially in densely populated residential areas. However, in many urban areas, flooding still occurred repeatedly despite the availability of drainage networks. This study aimed to evaluate the performance and effectiveness of drainage systems in the Pelita residential area and to identify technical and non-technical factors that affected the occurrence of inundation. This study used a quantitative approach with a descriptive-evaluative method supported by qualitative data. Technical performance analysis was carried out through channel dimension measurements, hydrological analysis using the rational method, and hydraulic analysis using Manning’s equation. In addition, community perceptions and levels of participation were analyzed through questionnaires that had been tested for validity and reliability and analyzed using Pearson correlation. The results of the study showed that the capacity of drainage channels was not sufficient to accommodate peak runoff discharge, as reflected in the relatively high frequency of flooding (3–4 times per year) and the relatively long duration of inundation. Statistically, the physical condition of the drainage system had a strong correlation with flood frequency, while community participation was moderately correlated with drainage effectiveness. These findings confirmed that the effectiveness of drainage systems in densely populated areas was strongly influenced by a combination of technical and social factors, indicating that an integrated drainage management approach was needed.